;'V<*f'^4-'.\^;--' 


Romance 
Seminar 

?2S 


THE  WORD  CELT 


BY 

JOSEPH   DUNN 


[Beprinted  from  the  Catholic  University  Bulletin,  Vol.  xiii,  1,  2,  3] 


WASHINGTON 
1907 


3q 


A-><^ 


THE  WORD   CELT 


BY 


4  A  l^^L^ 

JOSEPH  DU^ 


[Reprint€d  from  the  Catholic   University  Bulleiin,  Vol.  xiii,  1,  2,  3] 


WASHINGTON 
1907 


THE  WORD  CELT. 

Probably  the  earliest  mention  of  the  word  Celt  with  which 
most  readers  are  familiar  occurs  in  that  classic  phrase  where, 
in  the  introduction  to  his  'Commentaries  on  the  Gallic  War', 
Ca?sar,  speaking  of  the  division  of  all  Gaul  into  three  parts, 
says  that  the  native  name  of  the  group  of  peoples  who  occupied 
the  centre  of  Gaul  between  the  Seine,  the  Marne  and  the 
Garonne  is  a  Celtic  word.  The  word  is  foimd  long  before 
Caesar's  time,  however.  In  fact,  as  early  as  the  end  of  the 
sixth  century,  B.  C,  we  find,  for  the  first  time  in  history,  the 
word  in  a  derived  form,  in  the  Greek  writer  Hecataeus  of 
Miletus,  who  uses  it  in  a  geographic  sense.  In  his  'Voyage 
around  the  World,'  of  which  only  fragments  have  been  pre- 
served, he  says,  speaking  of  Marseilles,  that  it  is  near  Celtica, 
and  he  also  says  that  Nyrax,  wherever  that  may  have  been,  is 
a  Celtic  city.  The  word  Celt,  itself,  is  found  first  in  Herodo- 
tus, in  a  passage  dating  from  the  middle  of  the  fifth  century 
B.  C,  or,  more  precisely,  between  the  years  445  and  443,  where 
he  informs  us  that  the  Celts,  ot  A's/ro/Jive  at  the  sources  of  the 
Danube,  that  is,  in  the  southwest  corner  of  Germany  in  the 
present  Grand  Duchy  of  Baden,  and  in  Spain  and  on  the  coast 
of  the  Atlantic.  The  Latin  Celfcc,  with  which  we  are  familiar 
in  Caesar,  is  the  plural  of  a  masculine  a  stem  and,  on  it,  the 
later  Greek  historians  and  geographers  built  the  form  h'ehac, 
as  a  variant  of  the  older  Kshoi. 

There  are  two  veiy  different  applications  of  the  word  Celt 
in  the  ancient  writers :  as  the  name  of  a  tribe  in  Gaul,  and  as 
the  general  name  for  all  the  Celts  of  the  Continent.  Appar- 
ently, the  ancients  never  applied  the  name  to  the  inhabitants 
of  the  British  Isles,  Since  each  tribe  had  its  own  name,  it  is 
probable  that  the  word  Celt  was  originally  nothing  more  than 
the  name  of  one  of  these  tribes,  but,  just  why  it  was  given  to 
that  particular  group  of  people  that  C.Tsar  speaks  of,  we  have 
no  way  of  knowing.  On  the  other  hand,  the  Greeks,  up  to  the 
third  century  B.  C,  not  only  had  no  other  name  than  this  for 
all  the  Continental  Celts,  but  the  confusion  is  heightened  by 

1 


2  CATHOLIC    UNIVERSITY  BULLETIN. 

their  sometimes  including  under  that  denomination,  the  Ger- 
mans. Of  the  three  words,  Faldzac,  KeXroc  and  Galli,  which  are 
found  applied  to  the  Celts  by  the  ancient  authors,  we  may  say 
that,  as  a  rule,  they  are  used  without  much  difference  of  mean- 
ing. Some,  however  (as  Diodorus  the  Sicilian),  seem  to  mean 
by  KeXzoc,  the  Celts  of  Gaul,  and  by  FaXdrat,  the  Germans ;  to 
others  (as  Dio  Cassius)  these  terms  meant  just  the  reverse. 
The  poets  probably  had  the  Celts  in  mind  when  they  wrote  of 
Hyperboreans.  There  is  not  the  slightest  reason  to  believe 
that  KsXroi,  FaXdvac  and  Gain  are  all  forms  of  the  same  word,  as 
was  the  opinion  of  Diefenbach  (1840)  and  of  Leibnitz  {Collect. 
Etymol.,  p.  79,  Opera,  Genevas,  1768) :  '^Galatas  et  Celtas  idem 
vocabulum  putem." 

The  word  Celt  has  had  a  checkered  career.  It  has  grown 
from  the  name  of  a  single  tribe,  so  as  to  include  (in  the  extra- 
Celtic  use  of  the  word)  in  a  vague  way,  all  the  members  of  the 
family,  so  that  now  it  has  come  to  mean  anyone  who  speaks,  or 
is  descended  from  one  who  speaks,  any  Celtic  language.  This 
is  a  quite  modern  use  of  the  word,  and  there  is  nothing  to  show 
that  the  Celts  themselves  ever  employed  it,  or  that  it  is 
employed  properly  to-day,  in  this  wider  meaning,  in  any  of  the 
neo-Celtic  languages.  It  is  doubtful  if  the  Celts  of  antiquity 
ever  felt  or  acted  as  a  united  people,  except  to  a  certain  extent, 
under  Vercingetorix'  lead  at  the  siege  of  Alesia. 

It  would  be  interesting  to  know  why  the  Celts  called  them- 
selves by  that  name  or,  what  is  just  as  likely,  why  they  were 
called  so  by  their  neighbors  or  enemies.  Here  nothing  certain 
is  known.  Pausanias,  writing  about  the  year  173  A.  D.,  says 
that  that  was  the  name  which  the  Celts  had  given  themselves, 
and  Cassar  (51  B.  C),  as  we  have  seen,  says  that,  "ipsorum 
lingua,"  they  were  called  Celts.  It  is  well  known  that  coun- 
tries and  their  inhabitants  more  often  bear  names  given  them 
by  their  discoverers  and  first  explorers  than  names  that  origi- 
nated at  home.  For  example,  "Indian"  as  the  name  of  the 
Eed  Skins.  An  interesting  instance  or  two  from  Celtic  topo- 
nomy  will  illustrate  this  pomt.  The  Gaulish  Allobroges  were 
originally  those  "of  another,  not  of  the  speaker's  country," 
and  they  must  have  got  the  name  from  another  Celtic  speak- 
ing tribe  that  lived  outside  their  borders.    Argyll,  the  name  of 


THE    WORD    CELT.  » 

that  part  of  Scotland  that  lies  between  the  Mull  of  Kintyre  and 
the  Clyde  is,  in  the  dialect  of  that  district,  Earra-ghdidheal, 
which  represents  an  older  airer-gaidel,  the  first  member  of 
which  it  has  recently  been  sought  to  equate  with  the  Irish 
airther  ''eastern",  and  to  conclude  that  the  name  meant  ori- 
ginally ' '  the  east-land  of  the  Gail. "  It  is  true  that  it  was  pre- 
cisely in  that  part  of  Scotland  that  the  old  Kingdom  of 
Dalriada  was  established  but,  unfortunately  for  the  value  of 
Argyll  as  an  illustration,  there  are  some  objections  that  will 
have  to  be  met  before  this  explanation  of  its  meaning  can  be 
entirely  satisfactory. 

At  all  events,  the  name  Celt  may  have  been  imposed  upon 
some  tribe  from  without,  by  the  uitlander,  and  need  not  be  of 
Celtic  origin.  This  is  at  least  a  possibility,  but  highly  improb- 
able, and  the  statements  of  the  ancient  writers  that  the  word 
belonged  to  the  language  of  the  people  who  bore  the  name  is 
generally  accepted.  We  must  confess  that  we  know  nothing 
of  the  exact  meaning  of  the  word  Celt,  but  it  has  at  all  times 
been  the  delight  of  dilettanti  and  bibliophiles  to  speculate  on 
its  origin  and  meaning.  Court  de  Gebelin  in  the  eighteenth 
century  wished  to  bring  it  into  relation  with  the  German  Kdlte, 
Leibnitz,  with  the  German  gelten,  and  Davies  (1804)  makes  it 
out  to  be  the  Hebrew  TI^D^  "the  men  of  the  extremity",  to 
intimate  the  position  occupied  by  the  descendants  of  Gomer 
who,  according  to  many  of  the  scholars  of  the  early  part  of  the 
last  century,  were  the  Cymri.  The  relation  of  the  word  to 
the  Irish  clethe,  ''great,  noble",  is  to  be  rejected  along  with 
the  other  explanations  which  are  here  resurrected  only  as 
curiosities.  The  only  hypotheses  wo^hy  of  consideration  are 
the  following:  (1)  It  has  been  suggested  that  the  root  of  the 
word  is  the  same  as  that  found  in  Old-Irish  ar-cel-im,  Middle- 
Irish  ar-chell-aim  "I  carry  off,  plunder,  steal",  in  Old-Irish 
fo-chelim  "I  protect",  and  in  Latin  {per-,  re)-  cello,  calamitas, 
in-columis,  cld-des,  cldva,  Lithuanian  halti  "to  beat,  hammer." 
(2)  It  has  been  suggested  that  the  word  means  "warrior", 
and  that  from  it  is  derived  the  pre-Germanic  *CeUio-,  the  Old- 
German  hildja-  "battle";  the  Frankish,  which  is  seen  in 
(Bruni-)  childis,  the  Old-Norse  hild-r  "war,"  and  the  Old-Eng- 
lish 7ii76^  "fight."    (3)  It  has  been  suggested  that  the  word  is 


4  CATHOLIC    UNIVERSITY  BULLETIN. 

connected  with  the  word  of  the  same  form  meaning  ' '  dress  or 
raiment",  which  we  know  in  the  Scotch  hilt.  When  applied 
to  a  tribe  it  would  mean  ' '  the  clothed  ones ' ',  and  according  to 
this  explanation,  combined  with  that  given  under  (2),  the 
Celts  would  be  "the  people  clothed  in  armor."  (4)  Finally, 
it  has  been  suggested  that^the  word  is  a  participial  formation 
in  -to-  from  a  root  kel  which  we  know  in  Latin  celsus  (cel-to-s), 
Lithuanian  kelta-s.  According  to  this  etymology,  the  Celts 
are  the  ' '  exalted,  eminent  ones ' ',  a  derivation  that  cannot  fail 
to  suit  the  wishes  of  the  most  exacting  Celt.  Be  that  as  it 
may,  the  meaning  of  the  root  kel  eludes  us,  and  no  such  root 
meaning  ''to  raise"  has  been  found  in  any  of  the  living  Celtic 
languages,  and  we  are  obliged  to  say  that  this  explanation,  as 
well  as  the  others,  is  a  pure  supposition.  The  humanists  of 
the  Renaissance  did  not  worry  their  heads  long  over  the  prob- 
lem, but  accounted  for  the  name  in  a  delightfully  simple  way, 
by  an  ingenious  myth  which  brought  into  relation  an  autoch- 
thonous nymph  named  Celto,  the  Greek  hero  Hercules  and 
the  child  Britto,  the  first  and  last  of  whom,  they  said,  have 
given  their  names  to  the  Celts  of  the  Continent  and  of  the 
Isles. 

The  word  Celtic  is  of  extremely  rare  occurrence  in  the  neo- 
Celtic  languages.  But,  an  Irishman  or  a  Breton,  for  example, 
when  speaking  in  English  or  French  of  his  native  language, 
will  often  be  found  calling  it  ''Celtic"  as  if  it  were  the  only 
one  with  a  right  to  the  name.  It  is  obviously  a  misuse  of  the 
word  to  apply  it  to  Irish,  Gaelic,  Manx,  Welsh,  Breton,  Cornish 
or  Gaulish,  to  any  but  the  whole  group  of  Celtic  languages. 
Formerly,  there  were  many  "Celtic"  grammars  and  diction- 
aries which  were  confined  to  Irish  or  Welsh,  and  celtists  who 
knew  but  Irish,  Welsh  or  Breton,  as  the  case  might  be.  That 
was  as  meaningless  as  if  one  who  knows  only  Latin  or  Greek 
were  to  be  called  a  classical  philologist,  or  a  romanist,  one  who 
is  acquainted  with  the  philology  of  but  one  of  the  Romance 
languages.  The  meaning  of  the  word  Celtic,  as  used  even  in 
scientific  works,  is  not  always  unmistakable.  The  Germans 
sometimes  write  keltisch  when  they  mean  and  had  better  write 
urkeltisch.  The  same  mistake  is  occasionally  met  with  in 
French  works ;  that  is,  we  find  celtique  in  the  sense  of  celtique 


TEE   WORD   CELT.  5 

primitif,  which  is  correctly  called  in  German,  urkeltisch,  and 
in  English,  protoceltiqiie.  Besides,  in  French  works  on  arch- 
3Bology,  we  sometimes  find  that  a  distinction  is  made  between 
Celtic  and  Gaulish,  by  which  the  former  denotes  the  era  char- 
acterized by  the  appearance  of  metals,  bronze  arms  and  the 
practice  of  incineration,  the  latter,  the  era  characterized  by 
the  prevalance  of  iron  and  the  practice  of  inhumation.  This 
difference  of  usage  seems  to  be  a  survival  of  the  old  days  when 
the  ethnic  distinction  between  Celts  and  Gauls  was  insisted 
upon.  *^ 

The  earliest  instance  of  the  word  Celt  in  Irish  literature  is 
found  in  the  Leahhar  na  hUidhre  (f°  1,  a)  the  ''Book  of  the 
Dun  Cow,"  a  manuscript  of  miscellaneous  contents  compiled 
in  the  twelfth  century.  The  word  is  Celtecdai,  a  nom.  pi.  sub- 
stantivized adjective  meaning  "the  Celts",  and  occurs  in  a 
fragmentary  history  of  the  six  ages  of  the  world.  In  the 
modern  dialects  of  Irish  the  word  is  of  very  rare  occurrence. 
It  is  not  found  in  any  of  the  Irish-English  dictionaries  except 
Dinneen's,  and  no  Irish  equivalents  are  given  to  Celt,  Celtic 
in  any  of  the  English-Irish  dictionaries.  There  are  very  few 
instances  of  its  use  in  the  modern  literature,  and  always  as  a 
learned  word,  for  example  in  an  article  by  John  Fleming  in 
the  Gaelic  Journal,  VII,  13  and  by  Dr.  Douglas  Hyde  in  his 
Filidheacht  Ghaedhealacli,  pp.  12,  44,  and  sut?h  expressions  as 
Irish  Coimthinoil  uile-Cheilteach,  Welsh  Cynghrair  oll-Gelt- 
aidd,  Breton  Kendalc'h  oll-Geltiek,  ''The  Panceltic  Congress." 

The  dictionaries  of  Scotch-Gaelic,  Welsh  and  Breton  con- 
tain some  curious  entries  under  this  head,  but  nothing  of 
value.  The  prevalent  opinion  seems  to  have  been  that  the 
word  Celt  is  to  be  derived  from  the  verb  celim  "conceal,  hide" 
and,  sometimes,  another  word  coill  "wood,  forest",  was 
brought  in  to  help  along  the  explanation.  Consequently,  the 
Celts  are  the  "sequestered  people  or  woodlanders ",  a  Celt 
* '  one  that  abideth  in  a  covert,  or  an  inhabitant  of  the  wood. ' ' 
This  groundless  assumption  that  the  word  Celt  is  related  to 
celim  was  for  a  long  time  a  favorite  one  and  has  found  its  way 
into  most  of  our  dictionaries  of  the  English  language. 

There  is  considerable  difference  of  opinion  whether  the 
word  Celt  should  be  (1)  spelled  with  a  c  and  pronounced  with 


6  CATHOLIC    UNIVERSITY   BULLETIN. 

an  5,  or  (2)  spelled  and  pronounced  with  a  k,  or  (3)  spelled 
with  a  c  but  pronounced  with  a  k.  There  are  none,  it  seem, 
who  would  spell  it  with  a  k  but  pronounce  it  with  an  s.  The 
following  reasons  may  be  offered  in  favor  of  the  first  of  these 
spellings  and  pronunciations.  C  is  to  be  preferred  to  k  in  the 
spelling  of  Celt,  since,  in  the  oldest  Irish  alphabet,  the  charac- 
ter k  is  found  very  rarely  and  exclusively  in  loan  words  and, 
besides,  the  word  is  spelled  with  a  c  in  Latin  and,  as  we  might 
expect  from  its  position  before  e,  also  in  all  the  Romance 
languages ;  it  is  only  in  Greek  that  it  is  spelled  with  a  k,  and 
there  is  no  reason  why  the  Greek  spelling  should  be  followed 
when  the  word  is  written  in  English. 

It  is  hardly  necessary  to  say  that  the  Celts  themselves  pro- 
nounced their  name  with  a  k,  since  it  is  contrary  to  the  genius 
of  the  Celtic  languages,  as  it  is  of  the  Greek,  Latin  and  Ger- 
man, to  pronounce  the  c  as  s.  But,  we  are  not  to  conclude  that 
English  speakers  in  pronouncing  Ivelt  are  reproducing  the 
exact  sound  that  the  c  before  e  has  in  Modern-Irish,  for  ex- 
ample. There  is  a  very  large  difference  of  articulation  be- 
tween the  two  sounds.  In  the  English  pronunciation  of  the 
word  the  contact  is  made  much  farther  back  on  the  palate, 
while  in  Irish  it  is  pronounced  in  very  much  the  same  position 
as  English  speakers  give  to  the  initial  sound  in  the  word  kin, 
the  sound  which  is  often  represented  phonetically  k.  This 
difference  is  not  only  proved  by  a  study  of  the  English  and 
Irish  pronunciation  of  the  initial  consonant  in  this  word  with 
the  aid  of  the  artificial  palate,  but  it  is  easily  sensible  through 
the  ear. 

It  may  be  said  by  the  defenders  of  the  pronunciation  k  that 
to  give  the  "hard"  sound  to  the  letter  c  would  help  to  differ- 
entiate our  word  from  celt  "a  stone  chisel",  pronounced  selt. 
But,  by  so  doing,  we  should  be  adding  to  the  kelts,  viz.  kelt 
(Scotch)  "a  salmon,  sea-trout  after  spawning,  foul  fish",  and 
kelt  (Scotch  and  Northern  dialects)  "frieze,  homespun  cloth." 

It  has  been  objected  to  the  pronunciation  seU{ik)  that  the 
sibilant  is  not  a  pleasing  sound;  but,  words  do  not  stand  or 
fall  on  the  ground  of  euphony  alone.  And  are  Keltism, 
Keltist,  Keltology,  etc.,  really  more  euphonious  than  when 


TEE    WORD    CELT.  7 

pronounced  with  an  s  ?  Kelticist  and  Keltism  would,  if  left  to 
themselves,  tend  to  become  Celticist  etc.,  by  anticipation  of 
the  following  s-sound.  We  seldom,  if  ever,  hear  of  a  Pan- 
Celtic  Congress  or  of  l^eltia.  In  Germany,  the  question  Celt 
or  Kelt  is  not  settled,  and  we  sometimes  find  the  same  scholars 
using  now  the  one,  now  the  other  form.  It  would  seem,  however, 
that  the  choice  depends  some  on  the  combination.  Thus,  for  ex- 
ample, Keltentum  and  Celtomanie  are  more  common  than  with 
C  and  K  respectively.  The  titles  of  the  two  German  periodicals 
in  the  very  field  that  concerns  us  here,  the  Zeitschrift  fur 
CeltiscJie  PJiilologie  and  the  Archiv  fur  Celtische  Lexicogra- 
phie,  may  be  adduced  as  testimony  in  favor  of  the  C-form,  and 
we  may  hold  the  view  of  the  majority  of  German  scholars, 
differing  with  Leibnitz,  o.  c.  ''Celtas,  vel  {ut  pronuntiari  de- 
heret)  Keltas/'  that  the  word  is  in  the  same  class  with  Cy- 
pern,  Cyclus  and  Macedonien  and  its  c  should  be  pronounced  ts. 

It  cannot  be  objected  to  this  conclusion  that  the  native  name 
of  the  British  Celts,  Cymry  and  the  adjective  Cymric,  are 
always  pronounced  with  a  h.  The  initial  consonant  in  these 
words,  whether  spelled  with  a  C  or  a  J^  (preferably  with  the 
former,  though  both  letters  are  used  indifferently  in  early 
Welsh  manuscripts)  should  always  be  pronounced  "hard"  be- 
cause of  its  position  before  a  "broad"  vowel.  The  word 
Cymry  is  genuinel^^  Celtic  and  postulates  a  *Camhroges,  "the 
compatroits,  or  men  of  the  same  country. ' ' 

According  to  the  Dictionary  of  the  Philological  Society,  the 
first  instance  cited  of  the  word  Celt  in  English  dates  from  the 
year  1607,  and  the  first  citation  of  the  word  Celtic  is  from  the 
year  1656.  In  this  Dictionary,  which  represents  the  most 
recent  and  highest  scholarship  applied  to  lexicography,  a  de- 
cided preference  is  given  to  the  spelling  C  and  the  pronuncia- 
tion s  of  Celt,  Celtic  and  their  derivatives,  celtified,  celtish, 
celtism,  celtist,  celtization,  celtically,  celtican,  celticism,  celti- 
vist,  celticity,  celticize,  celtologist,  celtology,  celtologue,  celto- 
manie, celtophile,  celto-Eoman,  etc. 

One  of  the  strongest  arguments  for  this  pronunciation  is 
that  the  word  Celt  has  become  as  thoroughly  anglicized  as 
Caesar  and  Cicero.    Whatever  may  have  been  the  origin  of  the 


8  CATHOLIC    UNIVERSITY   BULLETIN. 

word,  it  undoubtedly  entered  English  from  the  French  Celte, 
which,  itself,  had  developed  out  of  the  Latin  Celta.  The  anal- 
ogy of  the  large  number  of  other  words  beginning  with  c  fol- 
lowed by  e  or  i  which  English  has  taken  from  the  French,  of 
such  Greek  and  Latin  proper  names  as  Circe,  Ceres,  Cephissus, 
Cerberus,  Alcihiades,  and  even  of  Gaulish  names  as  Cingetorix, 
Vercingetorix,  in  all  of  which  it  is  customary,  if  one  wishes 
to  avoid  being  pedantic,  to  pronounce  the  letter  c  as  s,  is 
strong  enough  to  carry  the  word  Celt  with  them. 

The  remainder  of  this  article  will  consist  of  a  rather  literal 
translation  of  those  passages  from  the  works  of  the  Greek  and 
Latin  authors,  glossaries,  inscriptions  and  coins,  ranging  from 
the  earliest  times  to  the  end  of  the  Merovingian  period  (mid- 
dle of  the  eighth  century)  in  which  the  word  Celt  or  any  of  its 
derivatives  is  found.  The  translation  will  be  confined  to  these 
detached  sentences  in  the  order  and  extent  in  which  they  are 
cited  by  Dr.  Alf.  Holder  in  his  epoch-making  "Thesaurus  of 
Old-Celtic"  {Alt-Celtischer  Sprachschatz,  Leipzig,  1904  and 
fol.)  cols.  888-977. 

Herodotus,  II,  33  (written  between  445  and  443  B.  C.) :  The 
river  Ister  (the  Danube)  rises  in  the  territory  of  the 
Celts  and  near  the  city  of  Pyrene  {i.  e.,  in  the  Pyrenees) 
and  it  divides  Europe  in  its  course.  The  Celts,  however, 
dwell  beyond  the  pillars  of  Hercules  and  border  on  the 
lands  of  the  Cynesii  (i.  e.,  in  southern  Portugal),  who  are 
the  last  inhabitants  of  Europe  to  the  westward.  IV,  49 
(written  between  443  and  432  B.  C.)  :  For,  the  Ister  flows 
across  all  Europe.  It  rises  in  the  country  of  the  Celts, 
who  are  next  to  the  Cynetae  (another  name  for  the 
Cynesii)  and  inhabit  the  remotest  parts  of  western  Eu- 
rope; its  course  is  across  Europe  and  it  empties  at  the 
borders  of  Scythia. 
Avienus,  Ora  Maritima,  130-137  (based  on  sources  of  the  end 
of  the  fifth  century,  B.  C.) :  If  one  dared  steer  his  boat 
from  the  Oestrymnides  through  the  sea  that  lies  in 
Lycaon's  clime,  where  the  air  is  crisp  with  cold,  he  would 
land  on  soil  once  settled  by  Ligures  but  now  devoid  of 
inhabitants ;  for,  the  Celts  in  long  and  frequent  wars  laid 
waste  the  lands  and  expelled  the  Ligures.    .    .    .    (The 


TEE    WORD    CELT.  9 

Celts  were  more  intimately  known  in  Hellas,  from  having 
served  as  mercenaries  in  the  service  of  the  tyrant 
Dionysius  and  other  commanders.) 

Plato,  Be  Legihus,  I,  9,  p.  637,  D.  E. :  It  is  not  of  drinking,  or 
not  drinking,  wine  at  all  that  I  am  speaking,  but  of  drmik- 
enness.  The  question  is  whether  it  is  better  to  follow  the 
custom  of  the  Scythians,  and  Persians,  and  Carthaginians, 
and  Celts,  and  Iberians,  and  Thracians,  who  are  all  war- 
like people,  than  to  follow  your  own  custom  (From  this 
it  would  appear  that  Plato  was  familiar  with  the  Celtic 
and  Iberian  troops  in  the  pay  of  the  Syracusans). 

Xenophon,  Hellenica,  VII,  1,  20  (speaking  of  Celtic  merce- 
naries in  the  service  of  the  tyrant  Dionysius,  369,  B.  C.) : 
Triremes  which  carried  Celts,  Iberians  and  about  fifty 
horsemen.  31:  When,  then,  Archidamus  led  them  on, 
those  few  of  the  enemy  who  received  their  attack  at  the 
point  of  the  spear,  were  killed;  but  as  the  rest  fled  they 
fell,  some  by  the  hands  of  horsemen,  others  by  the  Celts. 

Scylax,  Periplus,  18  (here  for  the  first  time,  about  356  B.  C, 
the  Gauls  in  Cisalpina  are  mentioned  under  the  name  of 
Celts) :  After  the  Tyrrheni,  come  the  Celts,  who  were  left 
behind  on  an  expedition  (i  e.,  the  remnants  of  a  Gaulish 
invasion) ;  they  extend  on  the  narrow  part  as  far  as  Adria 
which  is  at  the  inmost  recess  of  the  Adriatic.  19 :  After 
the  Celts,  come  the  Veneti,  in  whose  territory  is  the 
Eridanus  (the  Po). 

Ephorus,  4  fr.  38  M :  The  region  of  the  westerly  wind  and  the 
setting  sun  is  inhabited  by  the  Celts,  while  the  Scythians 
occupy  the  region  of  the  north  wind  and  the  bear.  These 
(four)  parts  are  not,  however,  of  equal  magnitude,  for  the 
territory  of  the  Scythians  and  the  Ethiopians  is  greater 
than  tliat  of  the  Indians  and  the  Celts,  but  each  is  of  about 
the  same  size  as  the  corresponding  part  of  the  other 
group.  For,  the  Indians  dwell  between  the  summer  and 
the  winter  rising  sun,  while  the  Celts  posses  the  territory 
from  the  summer  to  the  winter  setting  sun,  and  thus  the 
adjoining  parts  are  of  unequal  size  and  the  opposite  parts 
are  of  the  same  size. 


10  CATHOLIC    UNIVERSITY   BULLETIN. 

Theopompiis,  fr.  223  M  (quoted  by  Stephanus  Byzantinus) : 
Drilonios  is  a  large  city  and  the  most  distant  of  the  Celts. 

Aristotle,  Meteorologica,  I,  13,  p.  350*"  2:  The  Ister  and  the 
Tartei'sus  have  their  source  in  the  Pyrenees  which  is  a 
mountain  towards  the  equinoctial  west,  in  Celtica— 
Historia  animalium:  VIII,  28,  p.  606"  2-5:  And  in  many 
places  this  difference  is  to  be  attributed  to  the  climate. 
Thus,  for  example,  in  Illyria,  Thrace  and  Epirus,  the 
asses  are  small,  but  in  Scythia  and  Celtica  no  asses  are 
bom;  for  the  cold  in  those  countries  is  very  severe— De 
anim.  generatione,  II,  8,  p.  748,  22-26 :  Then  again,  the  ass 
is  a  cold  animal;  hence,  because  it  is  naturally  impatient 
of  the  cold,  it  cannot  be  raised  in  cold  regions,  as,  for 
example,  in  Scythia  and  the  neighboring  lands,  nor  among 
the  Celts,  who  dwell  beyond  Spain ;  for  that  country,  too, 
is  cold-Nicomachean  Ethics,  III,  10  p.  1115''  26-29:  He, 
however,  is  either  insane,  or  has  no  sense  of  pain,  who 
fears  nothing,  neither  earthquakes  nor  floods,  as  it  is  said 
is  the  case  with  the  Celts. 

Eudemius  of  Rhodes,  Ethics,  III,  1,  25  p.  1229"  25-30:  Hence, 
we  are  not  to  conclude  that  he  who  endures  terrible  things 
through  ignorance  is  a  brave  man,  as  if  one  were  to  ex- 
pose himself  in  insanity  to  thunder  and  lightning.  Nor 
is  he  a  wise  man  who,  knowing  the  danger,  exposes  him- 
self to  it,  in  consequence  of  anger,  as  the  Celts,  who  take 
up  arms  and  attack  the  sea-waves.  Generally  speaking, 
barbaric  bravery  is  accompanied  with  anger. 

Aristotle,  Politics,  11,  9,  p.  1269"  23-27 :  So  that,  of  necessity, 
in  such  a  state  wealth  is  highly  valued,  especially  if  the 
citizens  are  governed  by  their  wives,  as  is  the  case  with  all 
military  and  warlike  nations,  except  the  Celts  and  a  few 
others  who  openly  approve  of  pederasty.  VII,  2,  p.  1324" 
9-12:  Moreover,  in  all  nations  that  are  able  to  gratify 
their  ambition,  military  power  is  held  in  esteem,  for  ex- 
ample among  the  Scythians,  and  Persians,  and  Thracians, 
and  Celts.  17,  p.  1336^  15-18:  Hence,  many  barbarian 
peoples  have  a  custom  of  plunging  their  infants  in  a  cold 
stream;  others,  as  the  Celts,  clothe  them  in  a  light  gar- 
ment only— Fragments,  30  (35  Eose),  quoted  by  Diogenes 


TEE    WO  ED    CELT.  H 

Laertius  (about  200  A.  D.),  I,  1:  Some  say  that  the  pro- 
fession of  philosophy  began  among  the  barbarians.     For, 
Aristotle  in  his  work  on  "Magic"  and  Sotion  (about  200 
B.  C),  in  the  twenty-third  book  of  his  (lost)  ''Succession 
of  the  Philosophers,"  say  that  the  Persians  had  their 
interpreters  of  dreams,   the  Babylonians   or  Assyrians 
their  astrologers,  the  Indians  their  naked  philosophers, 
and  the  Celts  and  Galates  what  they  called  druids  and 
lefjivo-^so:.    Fragments,  564,  quoted  by  Stephanus  Byzan- 
tinus,  s.  V.  re(>fxapa :   Germara,  a  tribe  in  Celtica  who  do 
not  see  the  day,  as  Aristotle  tells  us  in  his  De  Mirabilibus. 
Fragments,  568  (610  Rose),  quoted  in  Plutarch's  Camillus. 
22:  The  philosopher  Aristotle  appears  to  have  heard  a 
clear  account  of  the  capture  of  Rome  by  the  Celts,  but 
he  says  that  it  was  saved  by  Lucius;  the  deliverer  of 
the  city  was  not  Lucius,  but  Marcus  Camillus. 
Pseudo- Aristotle,  De  mirabilibus  ausctiltationibus,  50,  p.  834* 
6  =  Fragments,  248,  9  p.  1524=^  22  ff :  It  is  said  that  Celtic 
tin  is  melted  down  much  more  quickly  than  lead.     85,  p. 
837''  7-11 :  It  is  said  that  there  is  a  certain  road,  called  the 
'Herculean,'  which  extends  from  Italy  as  far  as  Celtica, 
the  CELTo-Ligurians  and  the  Iberians,  and  that  any  Greek 
or  native  travelling  that  road  is  protected  by  those  who 
dwell  along  it,  so  that  no  harm  shall  be  done  him,  and  if 
any  should  be  done,  the  penalty  is  paid  by  those  in  whose 
territory  the  wrong  was  committed.    86,  p.  837^12-23 :  It  is 
said  that  the  Celts  possess  a  poison  to  which  they  have 
given  the  name  'toxicon,'  and  it  is  said  that  this  poison 
causes  death  so  quickly  that  when  the  Celtic  huntsmen 
have  shot  a  deer  or  other  animal  they  run  up  to  it  and 
quickly  cut  away  from  the  body  the  wounded  flesh  before 
the  poison  has  time  to  penetrate,  both  to  save  the  food  and 
to  keep  the  carcass  from  putrifying.     They  say  that  an 
antidote  has  been  found  for  this  poison  in  oak  bark,  but, 
according  to  others,  the  antidote  is  a  certain  leaf  which 
they  call  xofjdxiov,  so  called  because  it  has  been  observed 
that  when  a  crow  has  tasted  of  the  poison,  and  feels  the 
evil  effects  of  it,  it  makes  at  once  for  that  leaf,  and,  as 
soon  as  it  has  swallowed  some  of  it,  it  is  relieved  of  the 
pain. 


12  CATHOLIC    UNIVERSITY  BULLETIN. 

Ptolemaeus  Lagida,  Historia  Alexandri,  fr.  2,  p.  87  M  {ad  a. 
336) :  the  Celts  who  live  at  Adria. 

'Anyte  {a.  280-78),  in  Anthologia  Palatina,  7,  492 :  We  have  de- 
parted, Miletus,  our  dear  native  land,  three  maidens,  thy 
countrj^women,  since  we  repulsed  the  lawless  passion  of 
the  impious  Galates  (the  Gauls  in  Asia  Minor),  and  the 
mighty  Mars  of  the  Celts  has  driven  us  to  this  death. 
(Compare  Hieronymus,  Against  Joviniamts,  I,  41,  0pp. 
ed.  Vail.  Ven.  2  c.  308  E-309  A:  Could  any  one  pass  over 
in  silence  the  seven  virgins  of  Miletus,  who,  when  the 
Gauls  were  laying  waste  everything  far  and  wide,  that 
they  might  suffer  no  outrage  at  the  hands  of  the  enemy, 
escaped  disgrace  by  death?) 

Callimachus,  Hymn  to  Delos,  171-175  (after  the  year  272 
A.  D.) :  Hereafter  shall  a  common  contest  arise  for  us, 
when  those  latest  born  Titans  from  the  extremest  west 
shall  raise  their  barbarous  sword  and  their  Celtic  god  of 
war  over  the  realm  of  Greece  and  hurl  themselves  (upon 
her)  (Compare  Pausanias,  I,  7,  2). 

Since  the  second  century,  B.  C,  the  Celts  find  a  place 
beside  the  Ligures  in  the  legend  of  the  Argonauts. 

Apollonius  of  Rhodes,  Argonautics,  IV,  601-612:  And  round 
about,  the  unhappy  daughters  of  the  Sun,  entwined  with 
slender  poplars,  weep  a  plaintive  lamentation,  and  the 
shining  tears  of  amber  trickle  from  their  eyes  and  some, 
falling  on  the  sand,  dry  in  the  sun.  But,  when  the  blast 
of  the  loud-sounding  wind  dashes  the  dark  sea-waters  high 
on  the  bank,  the  amber  tears  all  flow  together  into  Erida- 
nus'  waves  in  a  swelling  stream.  The  Celts,  however, 
have  a  legend  that  the  tears  which  are  whirled  along  in 
eddies  are  those  that  Leto's  son,  Apollo,  shed  without 
number  when  he  came  to  live  among  the  sacred  Hyper- 
boreans. 633-634:  (Waters)  which  spread  over  the  vast 
marvellous  land  of  the  Celts.  641  if :  Journeying  among 
countless  tribes  of  Celts  and  Ligures. 

Apollodorus,  I,  c.  9,  §  24,  5 :  Accordingly,  the  Argonauts  sailed 
past  the  tribes  of  Ligures  and  Celts,  and  were  borne 
through  the  Sardinian  sea,  skirting  Tyrrhenia  until  they 
arrived  at  Aea,  where,  as  suppliants,  they  were  purified 
by  Circe. 


TEE   WORD    CELT.  ^^ 

Polyhius  uses  the  word  raXdzfu  only  when  his  source  of  infor- 
mation are  Roman  writers.    When  referring  to  the  west, 
he  uses  the  names  Celts  and  Galates  without  difference  of 
meaning,  and,  according  to  him,  there  are  only  Galates, 
no  Celts,  along  the  Danube.     I,  6,  4:  The  Romans  waged 
war  on  the  Etruscans,  then  on  the  Celts,  and  next  on  the 
Samnites.     6 :  The  Romans,  having  reduced  the  Etruscans 
and  the  Samnites  to  submission,  and  having  worsted  the 
Celts  in  Italy  in  many  battles    .    .    .    Having  become 
thoroughly  expert  in  the  art  of  war  from  their  contests 
with  the  Samnites  and  the  Celts    .    .    .    All  the  tribes  in- 
habiting Italy,  except  the  Celts,  were  made  subject  to 
them  {a.  u.  484) .    13,  4 :  The  first  expedition  of  the  Romans 
into  Illyria  and  these  (eastern)  parts  of  Europe,  as  well 
as  their  struggles  against  the  Celts  in  Italy,  took  place 
at  about  the  same  time.     17,  4:  Accordingly,  the  Cartha- 
ginians levied  mercenaries  from  over  sea,  many  Ligures 
and  Celts  and  a  still  larger  number  of  Iberians,  and  des- 
patched them  all  to  Sicily.    43,  4  (speaking  of  the  merce- 
naries in  the  Carthaginian  army) :  He  at  once  commis^ 
sioned  some  officers  accompanied  by  Hannibal  to  go  to  the 
Celts    ...  he  sent  Alexon  to  fetch  the  other  mercenar- 
ies.    67,  7 :  In  the  army  were  Iberians  and  Celts,  some 
Ligures  and  some  from  the  Balearic  Islands,  and  not  a  few 
half-breed  Greeks.    II,  13,  5 :  The  Romans  did  not  venture, 
however,  at  that  time  to  impose  conditions  or  make  war 
on  the  Carthaginians,  because  of  their  fear  of  the  Celts, 
who  were  threatening  their  own  affairs,  and  because  they 
almost  daily  expected  an  attack  from  them.     6:  And  so 
they  determined,  by  pacifying  and  mollifying  Hasdrubal, 
to  attack  the  Celts  and  try  conclusions  with  them,  for 
they  were  convinced  that,  so  long  as  they  had  such  men 
on  their  flanks,  not  only  would  they  be  unable  to  keep  theii 
control  over  the  tribes  in  Italy,  but  even  to  reckon  on 
safety  in  their  own  country.     7 :  Accordingly,  they  at  once 
despatched  envoys  to  Hasdrubal  with  whom  they  con- 
cluded a  treaty  by  which  the  Carthaginians,  without  say- 
ing anything  of  the  rest  of  Iberia,  engaged  not  to  cross  in 
arms  the  river  that  is  called  Iber.     Then  the  Romans, 


14  CATHOLIC    UNIVERSITY  BULLETIN. 

without  delay,  pushed  on  the  war  against  the  Celts  in 
Italy.  17,  3 :  The  chief  intercourse  of  the  Etruscans  was 
with  the  Celts,  who  were  their  neighbors,  and  who,  envy- 
ing them  the  beauty  of  their  lands,  took  some  slight  pre- 
text to  gather  a  large  army  and  drive  the  Etruscans  from 
the  valley  of  the  Po  (424  B.  C),  which  they  themselves  at 
once  took  possession  of.  4 :  First,  the  country  lying  near 
the  source  of  the  Po  was  held  by  the  Laiui  and  the  Lebecii ; 
after  then,  the  Insubres  settled  in  the  country ;  they  were 
the  largest  of  those  tribes,  and,  next  them,  along  the  river, 
dwelt  the  Cenomani.  5:  The  district  along  the  shores  of 
the  Adriatic  was  occupied  by  another  very  ancient  tribe 
called  Veneti,  in  customs  and  dress  not  much  unlike  the 
Celts,  but  using  a  quite  different  language,  6:  about 
whom  the  tragic  writers  have  written  much  and  told 
many  wonderful  tales.  7:  On  the  other  (south)  side  of 
the  Po,  in  the  Apennine  district,  first  come  the  Anares 
and,  next  them,  the  Boii  settled.  After  them,  towards 
the  Adriatic,  come  the  Lingones,  and  the  last  places,  the 
country  on  the  sea-coast  is  occupied  by  the  Senones. 
8-12 :  These  are  the  most  important  tribes  occupying  the 
above  mentioned  districts;  (9)  they  lived  in  unwalled 
villages  and  had  no  permanent  buildings;  they  lived 
simple  lives,  made  their  beds  of  straw,  fed  on  meat,  and 
followed  no  pursuits  but  those  of  war  and  farming,  with- 
out being  acquainted  with  any  other  science  or  art  what- 
ever. Each  man's  propertj^,  moreover,  consisted  of  flocks 
and  herds  and  gold,  as  these  were  the  only  things  that 
could  easily  be  carried  about  at  times  of  difficulty  and 
removed  from  one  place  to  another  as  their  fancy  directed. 
They  made  a  great  point  of  friendship,  for  the  man  who 
had  the  largest  number  of  attendants  and  companions 
they  regarded  as  the  most  powerful  and  formidable 
among  them.  18,  1-4 :  At  first,  they  did  not  merely  take 
possession  of  the  territory,  but  made  many  of  the  neigh- 
boring peoples  subject  to  them,  terrifying  them  by  their 
recklessness  and  boldness.  Some  time  afterwards  (a.  u. 
364),  having  defeated  the  Eomans  in  battle  and  those  who, 
after  the  Romans,  opposed  them,  they  pursued  the  fugi- 


THE   WORD    CELT.  1^ 

tives  and,  in  three  days  after  the  battle,  occupied  Kome 
itself  with  the  exception  of  the  Capitol.     But  it  happened 
that  war  broke  out  between  them  and  the  Veneti  who 
were  invading  their  country.     Accordingly,   they  made 
terms  with  the  Romans  to  whom  they  handed  over  the 
city  and  returned  to  their  own  country.     Subsequently,  they 
were  occupied  with  wars  at  home.    Some  of  their  tribes 
who  lived  on  the  Alps  and  saw  with  envy  the  rich  pos- 
sessions of  others  were  continually  gathering  their  forces 
and  making  raids  upon  them.     6  ff:  When,  again,  thirty 
years  after  the  taking  of  the  city  {a.  u.  393),  the  Celts 
advanced  with  a  large  army  as  far  as  Alba,  the  Romans, 
surprised  by  the  unexpectedness  of  the  attack  and  unable 
to  collect  their  allies '  forces,  did  not  venture  to  lead  their 
legions  against  them.     But  when,  twelve  years  later,  they 
invaded  in  great  force,  the  Romans  had  become  aware  of 
their  approach,  and,  having  mustered  their  allies,  they 
marched  out  in  great  spirit,  being  eager  to  engage  them 
and  make  a  final  desperate  attempt.     But  the  Galates, 
etc.     22,  8:  The  Celts  had  not  yet  set  out  from  their 
coimtry.     10 :  The  Romans  were  anxious  to  first  settle  the 
trouble  with  the  Celts.     11 :  Then,  with  one  accord,  they 
gave  their  attention  to  the  war  with  the  Celts,  convinced 
that  it  was  to  their  advantage  to  come  to  a  decision  with 
them.     23  {a.  u.  529),  3-5:  The  kings  of  the  Celts  were 
obliged  to  leave  behind  a  portion  of  their  forces  to  guard 
their  territory,  because  of  their  fear  of  those  tribes  (the 
Veneti  and  Cenomani) .     They  themselves  with  their  main 
army  struck  camp  and  set  out  boldly,  making  their  march 
through  Etruria,  their  force  consisting  of  about  50,000 
foot,  and  twenty  thousand  horse  and  chariots.     As  soon 
as  the  Romans  heard  that  the  Celts  had  crossed  the  Alps, 
etc.     25,   1:  Having  made  their  way  into  Etruria,  the 
Celts  began  their  march  through  the  country,  devastating 
fearlessly  and  without  opposition;  finally,  they  took  up 
their  march  to  Rome.     5 :  The  Celts  lit  their  watch  fires 
and  left  their  cavalry  in  camp.    7 :  (The  Romans)  believed 
the  Celts  had  fled.     8 :  The  Celts  rose  from  their  position 
and  fell  upon  them  (the  Romans).     The  struggle  was  at 


16  CATHOLIC    UNIVERSITY  BULLETIN. 

first  fierce  on  both  sides.  9 :  At  length,  the  Celts  won  by 
superior  courage.  10 :  The  first  desire  of  the  Celts  was 
to  besiege  them.  26,  1:  (Lucius  Aemilius)  having  been 
^  informed  that  the  Celts  had  entered  Etruria  and  were 
drawing  near  Rome.  27,  2  ff:  When  the  Celts  had 
reached  Telamon  in  Etruria,  some  of  their  foragers  fell 
in  with  the  advance  guard  of  Gains  and  were  made  prison- 
ers. Under  examination  by  the  commander  they  fur- 
nished precise  information  as  to  what  had  taken  place; 
they  informed  him,  besides,  that  both  armies  were  in  the 
neighborhood,  that  the  Celts  were  close  at  hand,  and 
Lucius'  forces  hard  upon  their  rear.  4:  The  Celts  (cut 
off  by  the  two  hostile  armies)  were  left  on  the  road.  5: 
Under  which  (ridge)  the  Celts  had  to  march.  6-8:  At 
first,  the  Celts,  unaware  of  the  presence  of  Atilius '  forces, 
but  supposing  from  what  was  taking  that  the  cavalry  of 
Aemilius  had  marched  around  them  in  the  night,  and  were 
preoccupying  the  vantage  points,  immediately  despatched 
their  cavalry  and  some  of  their  light  infantry  to  contend 
with  them  for  the  possession  of  places  along  the  eminence. 
But  they  soon  learned  from  a  prisoner  who  was  brought 
in  of  the  presence  of  Gains,  and  then  they  hurriedly  drew 
up  their  infantry  so  as  to  face  two  opposite  ways,  some 
towards  the  rear  and  others  towards  the  front.  For  they 
knew  that  one  army  was  pursuing  them,  and,  judging 
from  the  intelligence  which  had  reached  them  and  from 
what  was  actually  taking  place,  they  expected  that  they 
would  have  to  encounter  another  on  their  front.  28,  3-6 : 
The  Celts,  however,  stationed  on  their  rear  the  Alpine 
tribe  called  Gaesatae  to  oppose  the  enemy  from  that  point 
where  they  expected  the  attack  of  Aemilius'  force,  and, 
behind  them,  the  Insubres;  on  their  front  they  placed 
the  Taurisci,  and  the  Boii  who  dwell  south  of  the  Po  to 
hold  the  position  opposite  that  just  mentioned,  and  to 
await  the  attack  of  Gains.  Their  waggons  and  chariots 
they  placed  on  the  extremity  of  either  wing,  while  the  booty 
was  gathered  together  and  placed  under  a  guard  on  one  of 
the  adjacent  hills.  The  result  was  that  the  army  of  the 
Celts  was  double-faced  and  their  arrangement  not  only 


TEE    WORD    CELT.  17 

effective  but  also  calculated  to  inspire  terror.  10:  And 
Gains '  head  was  brought  to  the  king  of  the  Celts  29,  2 : 
Whether  the  Celts  occupied  the  most  dangerous  position. 
5-8:  The  ornaments  and  clamor  of  the  Celts  terrified 
them  (the  Eomans).  For  they  had  innumerable  horns 
and  trumpets,  and  with  these  and  the  shouting  of  their 
entire  army  they  made  so  great  and  loud  a  noise,  that  it 
seemed  that  not  only  the  trumpets  and  voices  but  even  the 
nearby  hills^  resounded  and  gave  forth  cries.  Not  less 
astounding  was  the  appearance  and  rapid  movement  of 
the  naked  warriors  who  were"  in  the  front  of  the  army, 
men  in  the  prime  of  youth  and  beauty.  And  all  the  war- 
riors in  the  front  ranks  were  richly  adorned  with  golden 
bracelets  and  armlets.  30,  1  f :  The  Celts  in  the  inner 
ranks  found  their  cloaks  and  breeches  of  great  service,  but 
the  naked  warriors  in  the  front  were  in  great  difficulty  and 
distress  because  of  this  unexpected  mode  of  attack  (of  the 
Romans) .  9 :  The  infantry  of  the  Celts  were  cut  to  pieces 
on  the  field  of  battle,  and  their  horse  turned  in  flight.  31, 
1  f :  Forty  thousand  Celts  were  slain  and  no  fewer  than 
ten  thousand  were  taken  prisoners,  among  whom  was  one 
of  their  kings,  Concolitanus.  The  other  king,  Aneroestos, 
fled  with  a  few  followers  to  a  certain  place  where  he  put 
an  end  to  his  own  life  and  that  of  his  relatives.  7 :  In  this 
way  the  most  important  invasion  of  the  Celts  was  re- 
pelled. 8 :  The  Eomans  hoped  to  be  able  to  entirely  expel 
the  Celts  from  the  country  along  the  Po,  and,  accordingly, 
great  preparations  were  made  and  the  appointed  consuls, 
Quintus  Fulvius  and  Titus  Manlius  were  sent  out  with 
their  legions  against  the  Celts  {a.  u.  530).  32,  1 :  Publius 
Furius  and  Gains  Flaminius  again  invaded  Celtica  {a.  u. 
531),  marching  through  the  lands  of  the  Anares,  who 
dwell  not  far  from  Marseilles.  7 :  The  Romans  determined 
to  avail  themselves  of  the  forces  of  the  allied  Celts.  9: 
Finally,  they  themselves  (the  Romans)  remained  behind 
on  this  side  of  the  river,  and  sending  the  Celts  who  were 
with  them  to  the  other  side,  they  pulled  up  the  bridges 
over  the  stream.  33,  4:  They  attacked  the  Celts  full  in 
front  in  regular  battle.     5:  They  made  the  Celts  help- 


18  CATHOLIC    UNIVERSITY   BULLETIN. 

less,  by  preventing  them  from  fighting  with  broadswords. 
34,  1:  The  next  year  (a.  u.  532),  embassies  came  from  the 
Celts  seeking  peace  and  promising  to  do  everything,  etc. 
7:  When  the  Celts  heard  of  the  presence  of  the  enemy, 
they  raised  the  siege  and  came  out  to  meet  them  and  give 
battle.  15:  The  Celts,  encouraged  by  their  success^held 
their  ground  courageously,  but  after  a  while,  they  turned 
and  fled  to  the  mountainous  districts.  35,  2 :  In  this  way, 
the  war  with  the  Celts  came  to  an  end.  36,  1  (a.  ii.  533) : 
Hasdrubal  was  assassinated,  one  night,  in  his  own  lodg- 
ings by  a  certain  Celt  for  some  private  wrong.  Ill,  2,  6 : 
Acquiring  a  supremacy  over  the  Iberians  and  the  Celts. 
34,  1 :  Hannibal  waited  for  the  messengers  who  had  been 
sent  to  him  from  the  Celts.  4:  He  took  care  to  send 
messengers  with  unlimited  promises  to  the  chiefs  of  the 
Celts,  whether  dwelling  south  of  the  Alps  or  actually  in 
the  mountains.  5-6 :  To  reach  the  places  just  mentioned 
and  to  avail  himself  of  the  support  and  co-operation  of  the 
Celts  in  the  proposed  undertaking.  His  messengers  re- 
turned with  the  news  that  the  Celts  were  willing  and  ex- 
pecting him,  and  that  the  passage  of  the  Alps,  though 
exceedingly  difficult  and  toilsome,  etc.  8:  He  hinted  at 
the  fertility  of  the  country  to  which  they  (Hannibal's 
soldiers) would  come  and  the  good  will  and  active  alliance 
of  the  Celts.  37,  9:  The  country  around  Narbonne  and 
thence  as  far  as  the  Pyrenees  already  mentioned,  is  the 
district  which  the  Celts  possess.  39,  4 :  From  the  Pyre- 
nees, which  separate  the  Iberians  from  the  Celts.  40,  1 : 
Hannibal,  greatly  alarmed  at  the  impregnable  positions 
occupied  by  the  Celts.  41,  1:  Such  was  the  state  of 
affairs  concerning  the  Celts  from  the  beginning  until  the 
arrival  of  Hannibal  among  them.  6  fl:  Owing  to  the 
unevenness  of  the  country  and  the  number  of  tribes  of 
Celts  intervening.  But,  contrary  to  expectations,  Hanni- 
bal won  over  the  Celts,  partly  by  bribes  and  partly  by 
force.  9:  Joining  with  them  as  leaders  and  supports 
some  Celts  (=Livy's  ''Gaulish  auxiliaries,"  XXI,  26, 
5),  who  happened  to  be  serving  as  mercenaries  among 
the  Marseillais.    43,  12 :  While  the  Celts,  both  by  reason 


THE   WORD   CELT.  19 

of  their  disorder  and  the  unexpectedness  of  what  had 
taken  place,  turned  and  were  put  to  flight.  44,  9 :  "When 
the  Celts  had  spoken  thus,  they  withdrew.  45,  2:  The 
Romans  and  the  Celts  lost  a  hundred  and  forty  horsemen. 
47,  3 :  The  Rhone  flows,  for  the  most  part,  through  a  deep 
valley,  where,  to  the  north,  live  the  Ardues  {sic.  Read, 
Aedui)  a  Celtic  tribe,  while  it  is  walled  in  on  the  south  by 
the  northern  slopes  of  the  Alps.  48,  6:  For,  they  (some 
historians)  do  not  tell  that  not  only  once  or  twice  before 
Hannibal  came,  but  in  very  recent  times,  the  Celts  who 
lived  along  the  Rhone  crossed  the  Alps  with  numerous 
forces  and  fought  battles  with  the  Romans  who  were 
allied  with  the  Celts  occupying  the  plains  along  the  Po. 
60,  11 :  According  to  their  original  purpose,  the  remaining 
mass  of  Celts  inhabiting  these  plains  (of  the  Po)  were 
anxious  to  join  the  Carthaginians.  12 :  And  some,  of  them 
(the  Celts)  were  even  compelled  to  serve  with  the  Ro- 
mans. QQi,  7:  For,  no  sooner  had  he  (Hannibal)  gained 
the  advantage  than  all  the  Celts  in  the  vicinity  hastened, 
according  to  their  original  engagement,  to  proclaim  them- 
selves his  friends,  to  furnish  him  with  provisions  and  to 
join  the  Carthaginian  army.  67,  1 :  While  the  Celts  who 
were  serving  in  the  Roman  army,  seeing  that  the  prospect 
of  the  Carthaginians  looked  the  brighter,  conspired  and 
set  upon  a  time  for  carrying  out  their  plans,  waiting  in 
their  several  tents,  etc.  8:  The  Celts  in  the  neighbor- 
hood had  long  been  unfavorably  disposed  towards  them 
(the  Romans).  68,  8:  While  the  numerous  Celts  who 
inhabited  the  plains,  excited  by  the  good  prospects  of  the 
Carthaginians,  provided  their  army  with  supplies  in 
abundance  and  were  ready  to  take  part  with  Hannibal's 
troops  in  every  undertaking  and  danger.  10:  They  (the 
Romans)  attributed  it  (their  defeat)  to  the  treacherous 
neglect  on  the  part  of  the  Celts,  which  they  concluded 
from  their  recent  revolt.  69,  5-7 :  But  afterwards,  Hanni- 
bal found  out  that  certain  Celts  who  lived  between  the  Po 
and  the  Trebbia  were  sending  messages  to  the  Romans, 
believing  that  in  this  way  they  would  secure  safety  for 
themselves  from  both  sides.    He  accordingly  despatched 


20  CATHOLIC    UNIVEBSITY   BULLETIN. 

two  thousand  infantry  and  a  thousand  Celtic  and  Numi- 
dian  cavalry  with  orders  to  devastate  their  country.     This 
order  was  executed  and  thevRomans  took  possession  of 
gi'eat  booty;  then,  straitway,  the  Celts  appeared  at  the 
Roman  palisade  beseeching  their  aid.    9:  The  Celts  and 
Numidians  fled  and  found  a  place  of  safety  in  their  own 
camp.     11 :  After  that  sldrmish,  the  Celts  again  retreated 
and  sought  the  protection  of  their  own  camp.     70,  4: 
When  the  Celts  would  be  idle  and  forced  to  remain  inac- 
tive, their  fickleness  would  not  allow  them  to  remain  faith- 
ful to  the  Carthaginians,  but  they  would  turn  against 
them  once  more.     9:  Hannibal,  wishing  to  avail  himself 
first  of  the  fresh  spirit  of  the  Celts.     71,  2:  Because  the 
Celts  invariably  set  their  ambuscades  in  such  places  {i.  e., 
in  the  woods).    72,  8  f.:  Hannibal  drew  up  his  infantry, 
consisting  of  about  twenty  thousand  Iberians,  Celts  and 
Libyans,  in  one  long  line,  while  the  cavalry,  amounting  to 
more  than  ten  thousand,  including  the  Celtic  allies,  he 
divided  and  stationed  on  either  wing.     74,  4:    Those  in 
the  front  ranks,  hard  pressed,  defeated  the  Celts  and  a 
division  of  the  Libyans,  and,  after  killing  a  large  number 
of  them,  broke  through  the  Carthaginian  line.     10:  For, 
it  happened  that  the  loss  of  the  Iberians  and  Libyans  had 
been  slight,  the  heaviest  having  fallen  on  the  Celts.     75, 
2 :  All  the  Celts  had  gone  over  to  their  (the  Carthaginian) 
side.     77,   3:     Hannibal   went   into    winter   quarters    in 
Celtica.     78,  2:  The  lawlessness  of  the  Celts,  who  were 
restless  and  contentious.     5 :  Seeing  that  the  Celts  were 
discontented  at  the  length  of  time  that  the  war  dragged 
on  within  their  borders,  and  were  eagerly  anxious  for  an 
engagement,  on  the  pretence  of  hatred  for  Rome,  but, 
much  more  from  hopes  of  booty.     79,  3  ff:  Behind  these 
he    (Hannibal)    placed  the   Celts,   and   last   of  all  the 
cavalry.     He  entrusted  the  charge  of  the  rear  guard  to 
his  brother  Mago,  that  he  might  see  to  the  security  of  all, 
but  especially  to  watch  the  impatience  of  the  Celts  and 
their  aversion  to  hard  labor,  in  order  that,  if  they  should 
show  a  lack  of  endurance  and  should  attempt  to  turn  back, 
he  might  check  them  by  means  of  the  cavalry  and  force 


TEE    WORD    CELT.  21 

them  on.  6-8:  But  the  Celts  suffered  greatly  on  their 
march  through  the  deep  marshes  which  had  been  dis- 
turbed and  trampled  on,  and,  unaccustomed  to  all  such 
pain  and  toil,  they  bore  the  fatigue  with  impatience  and 
were  soon  exhausted,  while  they  were  prevented  from 
turning  back  by  the  cavalry  in  their  rear.  All,  however, 
suffered  severely,  especially  because  they  had  had  no 
sleep  for  four  continuous  nights  and  three  days  while  they 
marched  over  a  road  that  was  under  water.  But  the 
Celts  suffered  most  of  all  and  lost  most  men.  83,  4: 
Hannibal,  by  a  detour,  deployed  his  cavalry  and  Celts 
into  one  line  under  cover  of  the  hills  on  the  left.  84,  6; 
Flaminius  fell  in  with  a  company  of  Celts  and  was  killed. 
85,  5:  In  all,  fifteen  hundred  were  killed,  most  of  whom 
were  Celts.  93,  10 :  The  Iberians  and  Celts  bringing  up 
the  rear.  106,  6:  The  Senate  sent  the  Praetor,  Lucius 
Postumius,  as  commander  of  a  legion  into  Galatia 
(=  Gallia  Cisalpina),  with  instructions  to  affect  a  diver- 
sion with  the  Celts  who  were  campaigning  with  Hannibal. 
113,  7  {a.  u.  536) :  Close  to  the  river,  on  his  left  wing,  he 
(Hannibal)  stationed  the  Iberian  and  Celtic  horse  oppo- 
site the  Roman  cavalry ;  and,  next  to  them,  half  the  heavy- 
armed  Libyan  infantry;  and,  next  in  order,  the  Iberian 
and  Celtic  foot.  8 :  He  advanced  with  the  central  brigade 
of  Iberians  and  Celts.  9 :  He  aimed  to  engage  first  with 
the  Iberians  and  Celts.  114,  2 :  The  shields  of  the  Iberi- 
ans and  Celts  were  about  the  same  size,  but  they  were 
differently  arranged.  4:  Of  the  naked  Celts.  115,  2: 
But,  as  soon  as  the  Iberian  and  Celtic  cavalry  on  the  left 
got  at  the  Eomans.  5:  For  a  short  time,  the  lines  of 
Iberians  and  Celts  held  their  ground  and  fought  the 
Romans  gallantly.  6:  The  Celts  had  been  drawn  up  in 
a  thin  line.  7 :  For,  the  centre,  where  the  Celts  had  been 
stationed  on  the  arc  of  the  crescent,  advanced  much  be- 
fore the  wings,  the  curve  of  the  crescent  being  towards  the 
enemy.  11:  As  the  Romans  were  pursuing  the  Celts. 
117,  6 :  Of  those  who  fell  on  Hannibal 's  side,  four  thou- 
sand were  Celts.  118,  6 :  It  (the  Roman  army  in  Gaul)  was 
utterly  annihilated  by  the  Celts.     VII,  9,  6 :  All  the  cities 


22  CATHOLIC    UNIVERSITY   BULLETIN. 

and  tribes  in  Italy,  Celtia  (but  in  III,  59,  7  Poljijins  uses 
Talazia  to  mean  Gallia  omnis)  and  Liguria  with  whom  we 
are  on  friendly  terms.  7:  Of  all  the  tribes  and  cities  in 
Italy,  Celtia  and  Liguria.  VIII,  32,  1:  He  (Hannibal) 
detached  two  thousand  Celts,  and,  having  divided  them 
into  three  companies,  he  assigned  two  of  the  young  men 
who  were  managing  the  affair  to  each  company.  4:  But 
he  (Hannibal)  directed  the  Carthaginian  and  Celtic 
officers  to  kill  all  the  Romans  they  met.  9:  Some  of  them 
(the  Romans)  fell  in  with  the  Carthaginians,  others  with 
the  Celts.  XI,  3,  1 :  The  Romans  slaughtered  a  number 
of  the  Celts  like  victims  as  they  lay  asleep  in  their  beds 
stupefied  with  drink.  3 :  In  the  battle,  not  less  than  ten 
thousand  were  killed,  taking  Carthaginians  and  Celts  to- 
gether. 19,  4:  For,  Hannibal  had  (in  his  army)  Libyans, 
Iberians,  Ligurians,  Celts,  Phoenicians,  Italians  and 
Greeks,  who  had  naturally  nothing  in  common,  neither 
laws,  nor  customs,  nor  language.  XII,  28%  3  ff:  At  any 
rate,  he  (Timaeus)  mentions  the  great  expense  and  labor 
he  went  to  in  collecting  records  from  Assyria  and  in 
enquiring  closely  into  the  customs  of  the  Ligures,  Celts, 
and  Iberians,  so  that  he  could  not  have  himself  expected 
to  be  believed  in  his  account  of  them.  One  would  like  to 
ask  the  historian  which  of  the  two  he  thinks  requires  more 
expense  and  labor,— to  remain  at  home  and  collect  records 
and  investigate  the  customs  of  the  Ligurians  and  Celts, 
or  to  obtain  personal  experience  of  all  the  tribes  possible, 
and  see  with  one's  own  eyes.  XV,  11, 1  {a.  u.  552) :  Hanni- 
bal placed  the  elephants,  which  numbered  more  than 
eighty,  in  the  van  of  the  whole  army.  Next,  he  stationed 
his  mercenaries,  of  whom  there  were  about  twelve  thou- 
sand, consisting  of  Ligurians,  Celts,  Baliarians  and 
Mauretani.  XVIII  (XVII),  11,  2 :  Because  of  fear  of  the 
Celts.  XXXIV,  10,  1:  The  rivers  Illeberis  and  Rusci- 
nus  which  flow  past  some  cities  of  the  same  name  inhabited 
by  Cei.ts— Fragments,  20,  p.  1390  (Hultsch)  quoted  by 
Suidas,  suh  v/s^'/if^Seuy/.dza^  :  The  Celts,  seeing  the  Romans 
prepared  to  fight,  and  thinking  that  their  bodies  were  so 


TEE    WORD    CELT.  23 

weakened  by  hunger  that  they  had  chosen  the  quickest 
kind  of  death. 

Apollodorus,  Chron.  4,  quoted  by  Stephanus  Byzantinus,  fr. 
59  M :  Aeria  is  a  Celtic  city,  as  Apollodorus  says  in  the 
IVth  Book  of  his  ''Chronicles."  60:  The  Aedui  were 
allies  of  the  Romans  in  Celtic  Gaul,  according  to  Apollo- 
dorus, "Chronicles,"  Bk.  IV,  62:  The  Arverni,  the  most 
warlike  tribes  of  the  Galates  of  Celtica.  Apollodorus, 
in  the  IVth  Book  of  his  "Chronicles",  speaks  of  the 
Arverni  of  the  Celts. 

Nicander,  quoted  by  Tertullian,  De  Aninia,  57,  p.  393,  17  E.; 
For,  the  Nasamones  consult  private  oracles  by  making 
prolonged  visits  to  the  tombs  of  their  relatives,  as  is  told 
by  Heraclides,  or  Nymphodorus  or  Herodotus,  and,  as 
Nicander  affirms,  the  Celts,  for  the  same  purpose,  pass 
the  night  at  the  tombs  of  their  brave  men. 

Eudoxus  of  Rhodes,  quoted  by  ApoUonius,  Historia  mirabil. 
c.  24:  Eudoxus  of  Rhodes,  in  his  work  on  Celtica,  says 
that  there  is  a  certain  people  who  do  not  see  by  day,  but 
by  night. 

Artemidorus,  quoted  by  Stephanus  Byzantinus,  p.  20,  7 :  The 
Agnotes  are  a  tribe  in  Celtica  near  the  ocean,  according 
to  Artemidorus.  p.  436,  18:  Mastramela  is  a  city  and  a 
marshy  lake  in  Celtica.  Artemidorus  in  the  ' '  Epitome  of 
the  Eleven  Books ' ',  p.  608,  6 :  Tauroeis^  is  a  Celtic  colony 
of  the  Marseillais  (of  the  Phocaeans.  cf.  Strabo,  4,  p.  184). 
Artemidorus,  in  the  1st  Book  of  his  "Geography",  says 
that  it  was  a  ship  with  the  figure-head  of  a  bull  that 
carried  over  the  founders  of  the  city  who  were  castaways 
from  the  fleet  of  the  Phocaeans,  and,  having  reached  that 
place,  they  called  their  city  after  the  ensign  of  the  ship, 
the  nation  Tauroentii. 

Pseudo-Scymnus  of  Chios,  165-169:  (Tartessus),  a  famous  city, 
produces  tin  which  is  carried  down  the  river  from  Celtica, 
and  gold  and  copper  in  abundance.  Then  comes  the  land 
called  Celtica  extending  as  far  as  the  sea  that  lies  near 
Sardinia,  and  this  is  the  largest  nation  towards  the  west. 
173  f :  That  region  that  extends  from  the  west  wind  to  the 
summer  setting-sun  the  Celts  inhabit,  but  that  to  the 


24  CATHOLIC    UNIVERSITY   BULLETIN. 

north,  the  Scythians.     176-177:  The  Celts,  on  the  other 
hand,  dwell  beneath  the  equinoctial  and  summer  setting- 
sun,  as  they  say.     183-195:  The  Celts  practice  the  Gre- 
cian manners,  having  friendly  relations  with  the  Greeks 
through  those  who  have  dwelt  abroad  and  enjoyed  their 
hospitality.     They  conduct  their  assemblies  with  music, 
which  they  cultivate  as  a  means  to  civilization  {cf.  Dio- 
dorus  II,  47,  2:  This  god  (Apollo)  they  (the  Hyperbore- 
ans)  sing  the  praises  of  continually  during  the  day  in 
hymns,  and  they  honor  him  especially.    4:  They  have  a 
language  of  their  own  and  are  most  friendly  disposed 
towards  the  Greeks).     At  the  very  end  of  their  region 
stands  the  so-called  North  Pole,  which  is  very  high  and 
raises  its  head  over  the  waving  ocean.     The  lands  nearest 
the  Pole  are  occupied  by  those  Celts  who  are  furthest 
away,  the  Enetoi,  descendants  of  the  Istrians,  who  extend 
inland  as  far  as  the  Adriatic.     It  is  said  that  it  is  thence 
that  the  Ister  begins  its  course.     777 :  The  Ister  is  doubt- 
less known  as  far  as  Celtica. 
Parthenius  eroticus,  8:  (Aristodemus  of  Nysa  tells  the  story 
in  the  1st  Book  of  his  "Histories,"  except  that  he  changes 
the  names,  calling  Herippe,  Euthymia,  and  the  barbarian 
Cavarus).     At  the  time  when  the  Galates  were  making 
their  incursions  into  Ionia  and  were  laying  waste  the  cities, 
the  festival  of  the  Thesmophoria  was  being  celebrated 
in   Miletus   and   the   women   had   gathered   together  in 
the  temple  which  was  removed  some  little  distance  from 
the  city.    A  band  which  had  broken  from  the  barbarian 
army  reached  Miletus  and  by  a  sudden  attack  seized  the 
women,  some  of  whom  were  at  once  ransomed  for  large 
sums  of  silver  and  gold,  but  the  others,  whom  the  barba- 
rians claimed  as  their  own,  were  carried  off,  and  amongst 
them  was  Herippe,  wife  of  Xantus,  a  man  of  the  highest 
character  and  of  the  noblest  family  in  Miletus ;  and  she  left 
behind  a  boy  two  years  old.     Now,  Xantus  felt  much  sor- 
row at  her  loss,  and  having  converted  a  large  portion  of 
his  wealth  into  gold,  he  took  two  thousand  pieces  of  gold 
with  him  and  went  first  to  Italy,  whence  he  was  accom- 
panied by  certain  friends  to  Marseilles  and  thence  to 


TEE    WORD    CELT.  26 

Celtica.    When  he  had  come  to  the  house  where  his  wife 
was  living  with  the  man  who  happened  to  be  one  of  the  most 
highly  esteemed  among  the  Celts,  he  asked  to  be  enter- 
tained and,  without  hesitation,  he  was  received  most  hos- 
pitably.   As  he  went  in,  he  saw  his  wife,  and  she  threw 
her  arms   about   him   and   embraced   him   lovingly.     As 
soon  as  the  Celt  appeared,  Herippe  related  to  him  her 
husband's  wanderings,  and  that  he  had  come  to  pay  a 
ransom  for  her  release.     The  barbarian  admired  Xan- 
thus'  spirit,  and  at  once,  calling  together  his  nearest  rela- 
tives, he  prepared  a  party  and  received  him  as  his  guest. 
While  they  drank,  he  made  the  woman  sit  on  the  same 
couch  with  her  husband  at  the  table  and  asked,  through  an 
interpreter,    what    sum    of   money    had   been    gathered 
together;  when  he  said  that  he  had  about  a  thousand 
pieces  of  gold,  the  barbarian  ordered  the  sum  to  be  divided 
into  four  portions,  and  three  of  them  to  be  put  aside  for 
Xantus,  his  wife  and  his  child,  and  to  leave  the  remainder 
as  the  ransom  for  the  woman.    When  they  had  gone  to 
rest,  Herippe  found  much  fault  with  her  husband  because 
he  had  not  the  amount  of  gold  that  he  had  promised  the 
barbarian,  and  she  said  that  he  would  be  in  danger  of  his 
life  if  he  failed  to  stand  by  his  promise.    But  Xantus  re- 
plied that  he  had  hidden  away  in  his  servant's  boots 
another  thousand  pieces,  since  he  had  not  expected  to  find 
any  barbarian  so  just  but  that  he  would  have  need  of  a 
heavy  ransom.     The  next  day,  the  woman  made  known  to 
the  Celt  the  great  amount  of  gold,  and  urged  him  to  put 
Xantus  to  death,  saying  that  she  much  preferred  him  to 
her  country  and  her  son,  and  that  she  utterly  loathed 
Xantus.     This  talk  did  not  please  the  barbarian,  and  he 
had  a  mind  to  punish  her.     As  Xantus  was  ready  to  de- 
part, the  Celt  accompanied  him  in  the  friendliest  way  and 
conducted   Herippe.     When   they   reached   the   borders 
of  the  country  of  the  Celts,  the  barbarian  said  that  he 
wished  to  offer  sacrifice  before  they  separated,  and  the 
victim  having  been  brought  up,  he  bade   Herippe   as- 
sist, and  when  she  had  taken  hold,  as  she  was  accustomed 
to  do  on  such  occasions,  he  drew  his  sword  and  struck  her 


26  CATHOLIC    UNIVERSITY   BULLETIN. 

and  cut  off  lier  head,  and  he  asked  Xantus  not  bear 
him  any  ill,  telling  him  of  her  treachery,  and  he  handed 
over  to  him  all  the  gold  to  take  with  him.  30:  It  is 
told  how  Hercules,  when  he  was  driving  Geryon's  oxen 
from  Erytheia,  wandered  across  the  country  of  the  Celts. 
And  he  reached  Bretannus,  whose  daughter  Celtine  fell 
in  love  with  Hercules.  She  hid  his  cattle  and  refused  to 
give  them  up,  unless  he  would  first  consent  to  be  united 
with  her.  Hercules,  eager  to  recover  the  oxen,  but  much 
more  because  he  was  struck  by  the  girl 's  beauty,  consented, 
and,  in  the  course  of  time,  a  son  was  born  to  them  named 
Celtus,  from  whom  we  are  to  suppose  the  Celts  are 
called,     (cf.  Herodotus,  IV,  8-10.) 

Scholiast,  Homer,  Odyssey,  208:  When  he  (Phaethon)  fell 
with  the  divine  flash  on  Eridanus'  stream  and  was  de- 
stroyed, his  sisters,  who  were  near  at  hand  near  the  Celtic 
sea,  bewailed  him  unceasingly  night  and  day. 

Eustathius,  to  Homer,  Iliad,  Z,  219,  p.  1139,  57  (according  to 
Mommsen  this  passage  is  probably  from  Poseidonius) : 
The  third  (trumpet),  that  of  the  Galates,  is  formed  by 
casting  ...  it  has  a  sharp  sound,  and  is  called  xdpw^ 
by  the  Celts. 

CcBsar,  Gallic  War,  I,  1,  1 :  All  Gaul  is  divided  into  three  parts, 
of  which  the  Belgae  inhabit  one,  the  Aquitani  the  other, 
and  the  third  is  inhabited  by  those  who,  in  their  own  lan- 
guage are  called  Celts,  in  ours  {soil,  the  Roman)  Gauls. 
2:  All  these  differ  from  each  other  in  language,  customs 
and  laws.  The  Garonne  separates  the  Gauls  from  the 
Aquitani,  while  the  Marne  and  the  Seine  separate  them 
from  the  Belgae. 

Pseudo-Aristotle,  De  Mundo,  3,  p.  398^  8-14:  Then,  little  by 
little,  beyond  the  Scythians  and  Celtica,  the  ocean  holds 
together  the  inhabited  world  at  the  Galatic  gulf  and  the 
columns  of  Hercules  which  we  have  already  spoken  of. 
Outside  these  pillars,  the  ocean  flows  around  the  earth. 
Nevertheless,  out  in  that  ocean  are  situated  two  very  vast 
islands  called  British,  namely  Albion  and  lerne  (Ireland), 
larger  than  any  we  have  yet  described,  lying  beyond  the 
Celts. 


TEE    WORD    CELT.  27 

Crinagoras,  AntJiologia  Palatina,  9,  283, 1-4 :  Ye  Pyrenees,  and 
ye  deep-valed  Alps  which  face  the  mouth  of  the  Rhine,  ye 
were  witnesses  of  the  rays  which  Germanicus  flashed, 
lightening  many  battles  for  the  Celts. 

Diodorus,  I,  4,  7:  Up  to  the  beginning  of  the  war  between  the 
Romans  and  the  Celts,  which  was  brought  to  a  successful 
termination  by  Gains  Julius  Cassar  who  subdued  most  of 
the  most  warlike  tribes  of  Celts  and  who,  because  of  his 
deeds,  was  proclaimed  a  god.  5,  1:  And  from  the  first 
Olympiad  to  the  beginning  of  the  Celtic  war,  which  I  have 
made  the  end  of  mj  history,  there  are  seven  hundred  and 
thirty  years.  II,  47,  1 :  Hecataeus  and  others  say  that  in 
the  ocean,  on  the  other  side  of  Celtica,  is  an  island  that  is 
not  smaller  than  Sicily.  IV,  19, 1 :  Hercules  gave  over  the 
rule  of  the  Iberians  to  the  noblest  of  the  country,  and  he 
himself  with  his  diYTHj  arrived  in  Celtica,  which  he 
marched  through  and  broke  up  the  lawless  practices  of  the 
natives,  especially  the  murder  of  strangers.  Because  of 
the  great  multitude  of  men  of  all  nations  who  willingly 
shared  in  his  expedition,  he  founded  a  very  great  city, 
which,  because  of  his  many  wanderings  on  this  expedition, 
he  called  Alesia.  2 :  He  allowed,  also,  many  of  the  natives 
to  settle  in  the  city,  and,  since  these  soon  became  powerful 
through  their  number,  the  whole  population  became  wild 
and  barbarous.  Even  in  our  time,  the  Celts  regarded 
this  city  as  the  heart  and  metropolis  of  all  Celtica.  It  re- 
mained free  and  was  never  conquered  until  finally  Gaius 
Julius  Csesar  took  it  by  storm  and  made  it  and  all  the  Celts 
subject  to  the  Romans.  3 :  Hercules  continued  his  journey 
from  Celtica  to  Italy,  and,  on  his  way  across  the  Alps,  he 
smoothed  the  roughness  of  the  way  and  the  impassable 
places,  so  that  the  road  was  practicable  for  armies  and 
beasts  of  burden.  4 :  The  wild  tribes  who  inhabited  the 
mountain,  and  who  were  in  the  habit  of  plundering  and 
killing  those  who  travelled  through  those  impassable 
places,  he  subdued  and  the  leaders  of  their  lawlessness 
were  put  to  death.  Thus  he  (Hercules)  made  the  way 
safe  for  future  travellers.  When  he  had  crossed  the 
Alps  and  the  plains  of  what  now  is  called  Gaul,  he  con- 


28  CATHOLIC    UNIVERSITY   BULLETIN. 

tinned  his  journey  through  Liguria.  56,  4  (from 
Timaeus) :  The  Celts  who  dwell  by  the  ocean  worship  the 
Dioscuri  most  of  all  the  gods.  According  to  tradition 
handed  down  from  ancient  times,  these  gods  came  to  them 
from  the  ocean.  V,  24,  1 :  It  is  said  that  once  there  ruled 
in  Celtica  a  famous  man,  who  had  a  daughter  of  uncom- 
mon stature  and  far  surpassing  others  in  beauty.  So 
proud  was  she  of  her  bodily  strength  and  wonderful 
beauty,  that  she  rejected  the  hand  of  every  suitor,  and 
believed  that  no  one  was  worthy  of  her.  2:  When  Her- 
cules came  into  Celtica,  after  his  expedition  against 
Geryon,  and  built  the  city  of  Alesia  therein,  she  saw  him 
and  wondered  at  his  excellence  and  strength  of  body,  and 
with  all  eagerness  she  agreed,  with  the  consent  of  her 
parents,  to  a  union  with  him.  3 :  She  bore  Hercules  a  son 
who  was  named  Galates,  etc.  25,  5 :  Many  other  navigable 
rivers  flow  through  Celtica,  about  which  it  would  be  too 
long  to  write.  Most  of  these  rivers  freeze  over  and  form 
natural  bridges,  but  since  the  ice  is  extremely  smooth  and 
travellers  are  in  danger  of  slipping  on  it,  they  strew  straw 
on  the  ice  and  then  there  is  no  danger  in  crossing.  27,  4 : 
There  is  a  curious  practice  of  the  Celts  of  the  upper 
country  in  respect  of  the  sacred  precincts  of  their  gods :  in 
the  temples  and  religious  places  which  one  finds  scattered 
here  and  there  in  the  land  are  piles  of  gold  thrown  on  the 
ground  and  consecrated  to  the  gods,  and  none  of  the 
natives  dares  touch  it,  because  of  their  superstition,  al- 
though the  Celts  are  exceedingly  fond  of  money.  32,  1 : 
It  is  necessary  to  make  a  distinction  here  that  is  not 
observed  by  many.  Those  who  live  above  Marseilles  in 
the  interior  and  those  who  live  on  the  Alps  and  this  side  of 
the  Pyrenees  are  called  Celts  ;  while  those  who  live  above 
this  part  of  Celtica,  in  the  country  towards  the  south 
(reading  uorou ;  Niebuhr,  however,  reads  dfrxrou,  the  north) 
and  along  the  coast  and  the  Hercynian  mountains,  as 
well  as  all  those  who  occupy  the  expanse  as  far  as 
Scythia,  are  called  Galates.  (What  follows  is  from 
Poseidonius).  But  the  Romans  have  included  all  these 
nations  under  one  general  name,  calling  them  all  with- 


THE    WO  ED    CELT. 


29 


out  distinction   Galates    (Lat.    Galli).     33,   1:    Concern- 
ing the  Celts   .   .    .    The  Iberians  and  the  Celts   (vd. 
sub  Celt-iheres,  below).    38,  5:  Much  tin  is  also  brought 
over  from  the  island  of  Britain  to  the  opposite  coast 
of  Gaul  whore  merchants  receive  it  and  load  their  horses 
with   it   and   bring   it  through   the   interior   of   Celtica 
to  the  ]\[arseillais  and  the  city  of  Narbonne.    XII,  26,  4 
{anno  442  B.  C.) :  There  was  peace  besides  among  the 
peoples  inhabiting  Itah^  and  Celtica  and  Iberia  and  al- 
most all  the  rest  of  the  inhabited  world.    XIV,  113,  1 :  The 
Celts  who  lived  across  the  Alps,  having  passed  in  large 
bands  through  the  defiles  of  the  mountains,  invaded  the 
country  situated  between  the  Apennines  and  the  Alps,  and 
drove  out  the  Etruscans  who  inhabited  it.     3 :  The  Celts 
divided  the  land  among  themselves  according  to  tribe,  and 
those  who  were  called  Senones  received  as  their  part  the 
most  distant  crest  of  the  mountains  along  the  sea.    4 :  The 
Roman  Commons  sent  deputies  into  Etruria  to  make  a 
careful  examination  of  the  movements  of  the  Celts.     6: 
As  soon  as  the  Celts  heard  of  the  matter,  they  sent  envoys 
to  Rome  to  demand  the  surrender  of  the  deputy  who  had 
unjustly  begun  hostihties.     7 :  To  induce  the  envoys  of  the 
Celts    .    .    .    114,  1 :  The  envoys  of  the  Celts  having  re- 
turned to  their  camp    .    .    .    (when  the  tribunes  heard  of) 
the  approach  of  the  Celts    .    .    .    (informed  of  the  ap- 
proach)   of  the   Galates    ...    3:  But  the   Celts  were 
drawn  up  in  a  thin  line  and,  whether  by  chance  or  by 
design,  they  had  placed  their  best  men  on  the  hills.     4 :  At 
the  same  time,  the  trumpets  on  both  sides  gave  the  signal, 
and  the  armies,  with  loud  shouts,  came  to  close  quarters. 
The  picked  men  of  the  Celts,  who  were  opposed  to  the 
weakest  of   the   Romans,   drove   them   easily  from   the 
hills    .    .    .    5 :  Their  ranks  were  thrown  into  disorder  and 
they  fled,  while  the  Celts  pressed  them  closely  and  struck 
them  down    .    .    .    The   Celts  cut  down   the  hindmost. 
115,  1 :  Although  the  Celts  had  slaughtered  so  very  many 
on  the  banks  of  the  river,  they  did  not  stop  in  their  eager- 
ness for  blood,  but  shot  at  those  who  were  swimming,  and, 
because  of  the  crowds  that  were  in  the  river  and  the  great 


30  CATHOLIC   UNIVERSITY  BULLETIN. 

number  of  missiles  fired  at  them,  they  did  not  fail  to  reach 
their  mark.  5  f :  For,  the  first  day  (after  the  battle)  the 
Celts  spent  in  cutting  off  the  heads  of  the  dead,  according 
to  their  native  custom.  116,  3:  Because  of  the  fact  that 
the  Celts  were  encamped  with  heavy  forces  about  the  city. 
4 :  To  make  a  sortie  against  the  Celts.  5 :  But  the  Celts 
noticed  the  fresh  traces,  which  showed  that  some  one  had 
climbed  up,  and  they  decided  to  climb  by  the  same  rock 
during  the  night  .  .  .  and  some  of  the  Celts  succeeded 
in  reaching  the  summit,  etc.  117,  6 :  Those  of  the  Celts 
who  had  served  in  lapygia,  turned  back  through  Roman 
territory,  and,  shortly  after,  they  were  ambushed  by 
Cerians  and  completely  destroyed  on  the  Trausiun  plain 
(i.  e.,  Pisaurum).  XV,  70,  1:  Two  thousand  Celts  and 
Iberians  sailed  from  Sicily  for  Corinth;  they  had  been 
sent  by  the  tyrant  Dionysius  as  auxiliaries  for  the  Lace- 
demonians, with  pay  for  five  months.  XVI,  73,  3:  They 
(the  Carthaginians)  procured  a  large  sum  of  money  with 
which  they  levied  Iberians,  Celts  and  Ligures  as  mercen- 
aries. 94,  3  (Pausanias)  with  a  Celtic  sword  concealed 
under  his  garments.  XX,  64,  2  {anno  307) :  Agathocles 
still  had  left  six  thousand  Greeks  and  these  with  an  equal 
number  of  Celts,  Samnites  and  Etruscans  constituted  his 
infantry.  XXIII,  21  (aitno  251  B.  C.) :  But,  since  traders 
had  brought  to  the  camp  a  large  quantity  of  wine,  the 
Celts  became  drunk  and  uproar  and  disorder  spread 
among  them.  The  Roman  consul  Caecilius  attacked  them 
suddenly  and  won  a  complete  victory  and  took  possession 
of  sixty  elephants  which  he  sent  to  Rome,  where  they  were 
an  object  of  general  wonder.  XXV,  2,  2  {a.  241-237) ; 
The  foreign  troops  who  served  in  the  Carthaginian  army 
were  Iberians,  Celts,  men  from  the  Balearic  islands,  Liby- 
Phoenicians,  Ligurians  and  half-Greek  slaves  who  had 
revolted.  XXV,  9  {a.  238-230) :  The  Celts  were  many 
times  more  numerous  than  the  rest  and,  highly  conceited 
because  of  their  strength  and  courage,  they  regarded  the 
enemy  with  contempt.  XXV,  10,  1  {anno  230) :  Hamilcar 
made  war  on  the  Iberians  and  Tartessians  as  well  as  on 
Istolatius,  the  general  of  the  Celts,  and  his  brother.    He 


THE    Vi'OED    CELT.  31 

put  them  all  to  death,  among  them  the  two  brothers  and 
many  other  distinguished  chiefs.  XXV,  13  {anno  225) : 
The  Celts,  having  united  with  the  Galates  for  the  war 
against  the  Romans,  mustered  a  host  of  two  hundred  thou- 
sand men  and  won  the  first  battle ;  they  were  victorious  in 
the  second  assault  also  and  killed  one  of  the  Roman  con- 
suls .  .  .  Aemilius  raided  the  territory  of  the  Galates 
and  the  Celts,  and  took  possession  of  many  cities  and 
strongholds  and  filled  Rome  with  their  great  spoils.  Ch. 
14  {a.  225) :  Hieron,  king  of  Syracuse,  provided  the 
Romans  with  wheat  during  the  Celtic  war.  XXX,  21,  3 : 
Alexander's  character  was  far  from  being  like  that  of 
Perseus.  For,  Alexander,  by  a  magnanimity  that  was 
adapted  to  the  greatness  of  his  enterprises,  gained  an 
empire.  But  Perseus,  by  his  pettiness,  estranged  the 
Celts  and,  by  other  similar  blunders,  ruined  a  great  and 
ancient  kingdom. 
Strabo,  I,  1,  13,  p.  7 :  In  small  distances,  a  little  deviation  north 
or  south  does  not  make  much  difference,  but  in  the  whole 
circle  of  the  inhabited  earth,  the  north  extends  to  the 
utmost  confines  of  Scythia  or  Celtica.  17,  p.  10:  As  in 
their  (the  Romans')  war  against  the  Germans  and  the 
Celts,  the  barbarians  took  advantage  of  their  position  in 
marshes,  woods  and  inaccessible  deserts,  deceiving  the 
enemy,  who  were  ignorant  of  the  land,  as  to  the  location  of 
different  places,  concealing  the  roads  and  the  supplies  of 
food  and  other  necessaries.  2,  27,  p.  33 :  But,  aftei-wards, 
becoming  acquainted  with  these  towards  the  west,  they 
(the  ancient  Greeks)  called  them  Celts  and  Iberians,  or 
by  combining  the  names,  Celtiberians  and  Celtoscy- 
thians,  thus  ignorantly  uniting  under  one  name  various 
distinct  peoples.  28,  p.  34:  Ephorus,  in  his  treatise  on 
Europe,  likewise  shows  us  the  opinion  of  the  ancients 
respecting  Ethiopia.  He  says  that  if  the  celestial  and 
terrestrial  sphere  were  divided  into  four  parts,  the  Indians 
would  possess  that  towards  the  east,  the  Ethiopians  that 
towards  the  south,  the  Celts  towards  the  west,  and  the 
Scythians  towards  the  north.  4,  3,  p.  63:  The  length  of 
Britain  itself  is  about  the  same  as  that  of  Celtica,  which 


32  CATHOLIC    UNIVERSITY  BULLETIN. 

extends  opposite  to  it.  It  is  not  greater  than  five  thou- 
sand stadia  in  length,  and  its  extremities  are  as  far  apart 
as  those  of  the  opposite  continent  .  .  .  Pytheas  says 
that  Kent  is  some  days '  sail  from  Celtica,  5,  p.  64 :  .  .  . 
For  all  these  (headlands  and  islands)  lie  to  the  north  and 
belong  to  Celtica,  not  to  Iberia;  this  seems  then  to  be 
only  an  invention  of  Pytheas,  II,  1,  12,  p.  71-72:  Hip- 
parchus  states  that  the  distance  from  Byzantium  and  the 
Dnieper  is  3,700  stadia,  and  that  there  will  be  a  like  dis- 
tance between  Marseilles  and  the  latitude  of  the  Dnieper, 
which  would  be  the  latitude  of  that  part  of  Celtica  next 
the  ocean;  for,  on  proceeding  that  many  stadia,  one 
reaches  the  ocean.  13,  p.  72 :  There  will  remain  a  distance 
of  25,200  stadia  from  the  parallel  that  separates  the  torrid 
from  the  temperate  zone  to  that  of  the  Dnieper  and  that 
part  of  Celtica  next  the  ocean.  For,  it  is  said  that  the 
farthest  voyages  now  made  from  Celtica  northwards  are 
to  lerne  (Ireland),  which  lies  beyond  Britain  and  barely 
sustains  life  on  account  of  its  excessive  cold.  .  .  .lerne 
is  supposed  to  be  not  more  than  5,000  stadia  distant  from 
Celtica,  so  that  the  whole  breadth  of  the  inhabited  earth 
would  be  estimated  at  about  30,000  stadia,  or  a  little  more. 

16,  p.  73:  Can  one  find  such  fertility  as  this  (in  the  east) 
in  the  lands  near  the  Dnieper,  or  in  that  part  of  Celtica 
that  lies  next  the  ocean,  where  the  vine  either  does  not 
grow  at  all,  or  does  not  bring  its  fruit  to  perfection?  P. 
74:  (To  compare  them  with)  those  parts  near  the  Dnieper 
and  those  districts  inhabited  by  the  most  distant  Celts. 
For,  they  are  not  under  so  low  a  climate  as  Amisus, 
Sinope,  Byzantium  and  Marseilles,  which  are  generally 
held  to  be  3,700  stadia  south  of  the  Dnieper  and  Celtica. 

17,  p.  74  (from  Hipparchus) :  Consequently,  they  (Bactria 
and  Aria)  will  be  removed  and  placed  8,800  stadia  north 
of  the  Dnieper  and  Celtica  ;  for  this  is  the  distance  that 
the  equator  is  south  of  the  parallel  of  latitude  which 
separates  the  torrid  from  the  temperate  zone,  which,  we 
say,  is  better  drawn  through  the  Cinnamon  country.  We 
have  demonstrated  that  the  regions  that  are  not  more  than 
5,000  stadia  north  of  Celtica,  that  is  as  far  as  lerne, 


THE    WORD   CELT.  88 

are  scarcely  habitable.  Their  reasoning,  however,  would 
represent  another  habitable  circle,  even  3,800  stadia  north 
of  lerne.  P.  75:  (That  part  of  Bactriana  next  the  Cau- 
casus) 8,800  stadia  north  of  Celtica  and  the  Dnieper.  18, 
p.  75 :  Hipparchus  says  that  at  the  Dnieper  and  in  Celtica 
there  is  one  continued  dim  sunlight  during  the  whole  of 
the  summer  nights  from  sunset  to  sunrise,  but,  at  the 
winter  solstice,  the  most  the  sun  rises  above  the  horizon 
is  nine  cubits.  It  is  much  more  striking  in  regions  distant 
6,300  stadia  from  Marseilles  (which  region  he  supposes 
to  be  peopled  by  Celts,  but  I  believe  they  are  Britons,  and 
2,500  stadia  north  of  Celtica).  41,  p.  93:  I  shall  only  re- 
mark now  that  both  Timosthenes  and  Eratosthenes,  as 
well  as  those  who  preceded  them,  were  quite  ignorant  of 
Iberia  and  Celtica,  and  knew  even  a  thousand  times  less 
about  Germany,  Britain  and  the  country  of  the  Getae  and 
Bastarnae.  II,  2,  1,  p.  97:  As  if  he  (Polybius)  were  to 
arrange  the  zones  according  to  the  different  nations  in- 
habiting them,  calling  one  the  Ethiopian,  another  the 
Scythian  and  Celtic,  and  a  third  the  intermediate  zone. 
5,  8,  p.  115 :  Navigators  say  that  the  longest  passage  by  sea 
from  Celtica  to  Libya  is,  from  the  Galatic  Gulf,  5,000 
stadia.  19,  p.  122:  It  (the  Mediterranean)  is  boimded  on 
the  right  hand  by  the  shores  of  Libya  as  far  as  Carthage, 
and  on  the  other  by  the  shores  of  Iberia  and  Celtica  as 
far  as  Narbonne  and  Marseilles,  thence  by  the  Ligurian 
shore,  and,  finally,  by  the  coast  of  Italy  as  far  as  the 
Strait  of  Sicily.  27,  p.  127 :  The  shape  of  Iberia  resembles 
the  hide  of  an  ox,  the  parts  corresponding  to  the  neck  pro- 
jecting towards  Celtica  which  adjoins  it.  These  are  the 
eastern  portions  and  on  this  side  lies  the  chain  of  moun- 
tains called  Pyrenees.  28,  p.  128:  Next  this  (Iberia)  on 
the  east  is  Celtica,  which  extends  as  far  as  the  Rhine.  It 
is  washed  on  its  northern  side  by  the  whole  course  of  the 
British  channel,  for  this  island  (Britain)  lies  opposite  and 
parallel  to  it  throughout  its  length,  which  is  as  much  as 
5,000  stadia.  It  is  bounded  on  the  east  by  the  river 
Rhine,  whose  course  is  parallel  to  the  Pyrenees;  its 
southern  part  is  bounded  by  the  Alps  commencing  from 


34  CATHOLIC    UNIVERSITY  BULLETIN. 

the  Ehine  and  by  that  part  of  our  sea  (the  Mediterranean) 
where  the  so-called  Galatic  Gulf  (of  Lyons)  extends,  on 
which  are  situated  the  far-famed  cities  of  Marseilles  and 
Narbonne.  Right  opposite  to  this  gulf,  facing  the  other 
way,  lies  another  gulf,  likewise  called  Galatic  (Bay  of 
Biscay),  looking  towards  the  north  and  Britain.  It  is 
here  that  the  breadth  of  Celtica  is  narrowest ;  it  contracts 
into  an  isthmus  of  less  than  3,000  stadia,  but  more  than 
2,000.  Within  this  region  is  a  mountain-ridge  at  right 
angles  to  the  Pyrenees,  called  Mount  Cemmenus 
(Cevennes) ;  it  extends  as  far  as  the  central  plains  of  the 
Celts.  The  Alps,  which  are  a  very  lofty  range  of  moun- 
tains, form  a  curved  line  whose  convex  side  is  turned 
towards  the  above  mentioned  plains  of  Celtica  and  Mount 
Cemmenus,  and  its  concave  side  towards  Liguria  and 
Italy.  Of  the  many  tribes  who  inhabit  this  mountain 
range,  all,  with  the  exception  of  the  Ligurians,  are 
Celtic.  30,  p.  128 :  After  Italy  and  Celtica,  the  rest  of 
Europe  extends  towards  the  east,  and  is  divided  into  two 
parts  by  the  Danube.  Ill,  1,  3,  p.  137:  This  range  (the 
Pyrenees)  extends  in  an  unbroken  line  from  south  to  north 
and  divides  Celtica  from  Iberia.  The  breadth  of  both 
Celtica  and  Iberia  is  irregular,  the  narrowest  part  in  both 
being  the  strip  of  land  along  the  Pyrenees  from  our  sea 
(the  Mediterranean)  t^  the  ocean,  especially  on  either  side 
of  the  mountain ;  this  brings  it  about  that  there  are  gulfs 
both  on  the  ocean  side,  and  also  on  the  side  of  the  Medi- 
terranean. The  greatest  of  these  bays  are  the  Celtic, 
which  are  also  denominated  the  Galatic  gulfs,  and  they 
make  that  isthmus  (of  Gaul)  narrower  than  the  Iberian. 
2,  11,  p.  148:  The  idea  that  the  northern  parts  of  Iberia 
are  more  accessible  to  Celtica,  than  to  proceed  thither  by 
sea,  and  other  similar  statements  on  the  authority  of 
Pytheas.  Ill,  3,  7,  p.  155:  They  make  use  of  wooden 
{^uXbocc:  Friedemann;  x'f]'A^voc^  'plaited,'  Meineke;  r/jpivocQ 
'waxen,'  codices)  vessels  like  the  Celts.  Ill,  4,  5,  p.  158: 
The  Celts,  now  called  Celtibemans  and  Berones.  8,  p. 
159:  This  (Emporium)  is  a  colony  of  the  Marseillais,  and 
it  is  about  forty  stadia  distant  from  the  Pyrenees  and  the 


TEE    WORD    CELT.  35 

borders  of  Iberia  and  Celtica.  10,  p.  161 :  This  consti- 
tutes the  whole  coast-line  from  the  Pillars  to  the  dividing 
line  of  the  Iberians  and  the  Celts.  11,  p.  162 :  The  Celtic 
(side  of  the  Pyrenees)  is  bare  of  trees;  in  the  midst  are 
enclosed  valleys  admirably  fitted  for  habitation.  12,  p. 
162:  The  Berones  are  neighbors  of  the  Conian  Canta- 
brians,  and  they,  too,  owe  their  origin  to  the  Celtic  ex- 
pedition. 16,  p.  164 :  Unless  one  thinks  that  it  will  add  to 
the  pleasure  of  life  to  wash  themselves  and  their  wives  in 
stale  urine  kept  in  tanks,  and  to  rinse  their  teeth  with  it, 
as  is  said  to  be  the  custom  with  the  Cantabrians  and  their 
neighbors.  This  practice  and  that  of  sleeping  on  the 
ground  is  common  to  the  Iberians  and  the  Celts.  17, 
p.  165  .  .  .  These  feelings  (of  recklessness,  cruelty) 
are  common  to  the  Celtic  tribes,  and  to  the  Thracians  and 
Scythians,  likewise  their  ideas  of  bravery  both  of  their 
men  and  of  their  women.  IV,  1,  1,  p.  176 :  Next  in  order, 
comes  Celtica  beyond  the  Alps,  the  general  outline  of 
which  has  already  been  sketched ;  we  have  now  to  describe 
it  in  greater  detail.  Some  divide  it  into  three  parts,  calling 
their  inhabitants  Aquitanians,  Belgians  and  Celts  {i.  e., 
Kihoi,  a  form  built  on  Caesar's  Celtae).  The  Aquitanians 
differ  completely  from  the  others,  not  only  in  their  lan- 
guage, but  also  in  their  physical  characteristics,  and  resem- 
ble the  Iberians  more  than  the  Galates.  The  others  are 
Galates  in  appearance,  but  they  do  not  all  speak  the  same 
language,  some  of  them  differing  slightly  in  speech. 
They  differ,  too,  a  little  in  their  form  of  government  and 
mode  of  life.  The  dwellers  near  the  Pyrenees,  bounded 
by  the  Cevennes,  are  called  Aquitanians  and  Celts.  For, 
it  has  been  remarked  that  this  Celtica  is  bounded  on  the 
west  by  the  range  of  Pyrenees,  which  extend  to  either  sea, 
both  the  inner  and  the  outer  (p.  177) ;  on  the  east  the 
boundary  is  the  Rhine,  whose  course  is  parallel  to  the 
Pyrenees ;  on  the  north  it  is  enclosed  by  the  ocean,  from  the 
northern  headlands  of  the  Pyrenees  as  far  as  the  mouth  of 
the  Rhine;  on  the  opposite  side  it  is  bounded  by  the  sea 
of  Marseilles  and  Narbonne  and  the  Alps  from  Liguria  as 
far  as  the  sources  of  the  Rhine.     At  right  angles  to  the 


36  CATHOLIC    UNIVERSITY  BULLETIN. 

Pyrenees  are  the  Cevennes,  traversing  the  plains  and  ex- 
tending over  about  2,000  stadia  until  they  terminate  in  the 
middle  near  Lyons.  The  people  who  inhabit  the  northern 
portions  of  the  Pyrenees  and  as  far  as  the  Cevennes  ex- 
tending towards  the  ocean  and  bounded  by  the  river 
Garonne,  they  call  Aquitanians ;  and  Celts,  the  inhabitants 
of  the  other  parts,  also  towards  the  sea  of  Marseilles  and 
Narbonne  and  touching  a  part  of  the  Alpine  chain;  and 
Belgians,  the  rest  who  dwell  along  the  ocean  as  far  as  the 
mouth  of  the  Rhine,  and  some  who  dwell  by  the  Rhine  and 
the  Alps.  This  was  the  division  adopted  by  the  divine 
Caesar.  But  Augustus  Caesar,  when  making  four  grand 
divisions  of  the  country,  assigned  the  Celts  to  the  province 
of  Narbonne,  the  Aquitanians  he  left  the  same  as  Julius 
Caesar,  but  he  added  fourteen  nations  of  those  who  dwell 
between  the  Garonne  and  the  Loire.  The  rest  he  divided 
into  two  parts,  assigning  the  district  extending  as  far  as 
the  upper  parts  of  the  Rhine  to  the  territory  of  Lyons,  and 
the  other  to  the  Belgians.  2,  p.  178 :  What  we  have  said 
applies,  in  the  main,  to  the  whole  of  farther  Celtica.  We 
shall  now  speak  in  detail  of  each  of  the  four  divisions,  of 
which  we  have,  thus  far,  spoken  only  summarily.  3,  p. 
178 :  Some,  however,  hold  that  the  boundary  of  Celtica  is 
the  spot  where  the  Trophies  of  Pompey  stand.  11,  p.  185 : 
The  third  (river)  is  the  Sulgas  which  unites  with  the 
Rhone  near  the  city  of  Vindalum,  where  Gnaeus  Aheno- 
barbus  in  a  great  battle  routed  many  myriads  of  Celts. 
...  At  the  point  where  the  Isere  and  the  Rhone  unite 
near  the  Cevennes,  Quintus  Fabius  Maximus  Aemilianus, 
with  not  more  than  30,000  men,  destroyed  200,000  Celts, 
and  there  he  erected  a  white  stone  as  a  trophy  and  two 
temples,  one  dedicated  to  Mars,  the  other  to  Hercules. 
12,  p.  186:  Their  (the  Volcae  Arecomisci)  seaport,  which 
is  called  Narbonne,  may  justly  be  called  the  seaport  of  all 
Celtica.  13,  p.  187 :  That  these  nations  immigrated  from 
Celtica  is  shown  by  their  relationship  to  the  Tectosages, 
but  we  are  not  able  to  say  from  which  district  they  emi- 
grated. 14,  p.  189:  This  much  we  have  said  concerning 
the  inhabitants  of  the  district  of  Narbonne,  whom  earlier 

9CUB 


TEE    WORD   CELT.  37 

writers  called  Celts.     It  seem  to  me  that  the  Greeks  then 
called  all  the  Galates  Celts  from  them,  because  of  their 
great  celebrity ;  the  nearness  of  the  Marseillais  may  also 
have  contributed  to  it.     3,  p.  192 :  It  is  from  this  part  of 
the  Alps  that  the  Adda  flows  in  an  opposite  direction  (to 
the  Rhine),  towards  hither  Celtica,  and  empties  into  the 
Lake  of  Como.    4,  p.  193 :  The  distance  from  the  rivers  of 
Celtica  to  Britain  is  320  stadia.    IV,  1,  p.  195 :  I  believe 
that  these  Veneti  (the  Vannetais  of  Brittany)  were  the 
founders  of  those  who  live  along  the  Adriatic ;  for,  ahnost 
all  the  other  Celts  in  Italy,  just  as  the  Boii  and  the  Seno- 
nes,  have  come  over  from  the  land  beyond  the  Alps.    6,  p. 
198 :  A  certain  tree,  similar  to  the  fig-tree,  grows  in  Celt- 
ica, and  it  bears  a  fruit  shaped  like  a  Corinthian  capital ; 
when  this  fruit  is  cut,  it  discharges  a  deadlyjuice  which 
they  smear  over  their  arrows.    It  has  often  been  remarked 
that  all  the  Celts  are  voluptuaries  and  that  pederasty 
is  not  considered  shameful.    Ephorus  says  that  Celtica 
is  exceedingly  extensive,  so  that  he  assigns  to  it  most  of 
what  we  now  call  Iberia,  as  far  as  Gades ;  he  asserts  that 
the  people  are  admirers  of  the  Greeks,  and  he  tells  many 
peculiarities  of  them  that  do  not  appear  in  the  present 
inhabitants.     This  is  a  curious  practice  of  theirs:  they 
mortify  themselves  so  as  not  to  become  stout  or  pot- 
bellied, and  if  any  young  man  exceeds  the  measure  of  a 
certain   girdle   he   is   punished.     So    much    concerning 
Celtica  beyond  the  Alps.    V,  1,  p.  199 :  Britain  is  triangu- 
lar in  form ;  its  longest  side  faces  Celtica,  nor  is  it  greater 
nor  less  in  length  than  it;  for,  each  of  them  is  about  4,300 
or  4,400  stadia,  that  is,  the  Celtic  side  from  the  mouth  of 
the  Rhine  as  far  as  the  northern  end  of  the  Pyrenees 
towards  Aquitania,  and  the  coast  of  Kent  right  opposite 
the  mouth  of   the   Rhine,   and  the  most  eastern  point 
of  Britain,  to  the  western  promontory  of  the  island,  which 
lies  opposite  Aquitania  and  the  Pyrenees.     2,  p.  200 :  (The 
Britons)  have  hounds  naturally  suited  for  hunting;  the 
Celts  use  these  hounds,  as  well  as  their  native  dogs,  for 
the  purposes  of  war.    The  men  are  taller  than  the  Celts 
and  their  hair  is  less  yellow  and  they  are  not  so  thick- 


38  CATHOLIC    UNIVERSITY  BULLETIN. 

set  .  .  .  Their  habits  are  like  those  of  the  Celts,  though 
simpler  and  more  barbarous.  ...  In  battle  they  make 
use  of  war-chariots  for  the  most  part,  as  do  most  of  the 
Celts.  3 :  Because  of  the  insurrections  among  the  Celts, 
both  among  his  own  (Caesar's)  soldiers  and  among  the 
barbarians  .  .  .  (the  Britons)  were  required  to  pay  a 
moderate  tax  on  imports  to  Celtica  and  exports  thence 

...  4,  p.  201 :  And  yet,  to  eat  human  flesh  is  said  to  be 
a  Scythian  custom ;  and  even  the  Celts  and  Iberians  and 
many  others  are  said  to  have  done  the  like  during  the 
severities  of  a  siege.  IV,  6,  1,  p.  201 :  After  Celtica  be- 
yond the  Alps  and  the  people  who  inhabit  that  country 

...  3,  p.  203:  These  (Celtoligurians)  were  the  first 
transalpine  Celts  whom  the  Eomans  subdued,  after  having 
waged  a  long  drawn  out  war  against  them  and  the  Liguri- 
ans.  5:  The  Durias  mingles  with  the  Po  after  flowing 
in  an  opposite  direction  to  it  through  the  territory  of  the 
Salassi  into  Cisalpine  Celtica.  10,  p.  207 :  The  lapodes, 
a  nation  now  common  to  the  Illyrians  and  the  Celts,  dwell 
near  these  regions.  11,  p.  208:  One  of  the  passes  from 
Italy  into  farther  and  northern  Celtica  is  through  the 
territory  of  the  Salassi  and  leads  to  Lyons.  V,  1,  3, 
p.  211:  Cisalpine  Celtica  is  enclosed  within  these  limits 
and  its  length  along  the  coast  together  with  the  mountains 
is  about  6,300  stadia ;  its  breadth  is  rather  less  than  2,000. 
4,  p.  212 :  One  division  is  inhabited  by  Ligurian  and  Celtic 
tribes,  of  whom  the  former  dwell  in  the  mountainous  parts, 
the  latter  in  the  plains ;  the  other  division  is  inhabited  by 
Celts  and  Heneti.  These  Celts  are  of  the  same  race  as 
the  transalpine  Celts.  There  are  two  views  about  the 
Heneti :  some  say  that  they  are  a  colony  of  those  Celts  of 
the  same  name  who  dwell  along  the  ocean,  etc.  6:  In 
ancient  times,  as  we  have  remarked,  the  district  through 
which  the  Po  flows  was  chiefly  inhabited  by  Celts.  The 
greatest  nations  of  the  Celts  were  the  Boii  and  the  Insu- 
bres,  and  the  Senones  and  the  Gaesatae,  who  once  upon  a 
time  took  the  Roman  Capitol  by  assault.  11,  p.  217 :  Then 
come  the  Alps  and  Celtica.  .  .  .  The  boundaries  of  this 
country,  which  we  call  cisalpine  Celtica,  from  the  rest  of 


THE   WORD   CELT.  "  89 

Italy  were  marked  by  the  Apennine  mountains  above 
Tyrrhenia  and  the  river  Aesis  (Esino),  and  then  by  the 
Kubieon.    Both   these   rivers   empty   into   the   Adriatic. 
12,  p.  218 :  The  mines  in  that  neighborhood  are  not  now 
worked  with  so  much  care,  because  of  the  greater  profit 
in  the  mines  in  the  country  of  the  transalpine  Celts  and 
in  Iberia ;  but,  formerly  they  must  have  been,  since  there 
were  gold-diggings  even  at  Vercelli.    V,  2,  1,  p.  218:  In 
the  second  place,  we  shall  treat  of  that  part  of  Liguria 
which  lies   in  the   Apennines   themselves,   between   the 
establishments  of  that  part  of  Celtica  already  described 
and    Tyrrhenia.     9,    p.    226.    Lake    Trasimennus,    near 
which  is  the  army-pass  from  Celtica  into  Tyrrhenia.     10, 
p.  227:   For,  about  these  parts  are  the  boundaries  of 
ancient  Italy  and  Celtica,  on  the  side  towards  the  Adri- 
atic, although  the  boundary-lines  have  often  been  changed 
by  the  rulers.    4,  1,  p.  240 :  We  must  begin  again  from  the 
Celtic  boundaries.    VI,  4,  2,  p.  287:  It  happened  that 
they  lost  their  city  (Rome)  suddenly  to  the  Celts.    .    .    . 
Having  got  rid  of  these  difficulties,  the  first  thing  the 
Romans  did  was  to  reduce  all  the  Latins,  they  then  put  a 
check  to  the  frequent  and  unrestrained  violence  of  the 
Tyrrheni  and  the  Celts  who  lived  along  the  Po.    .    .    . 
The  Iberians  and  Celts  and  all  who  yielded  to  the  Romans, 
shared    a    similar    fate.    .    .    .    Likewise,    the    whole   of 
Celtica,  both  within  and  beyond  the  Alps,  together  with 
Liguria,  were  annexed  a  part  at  a  time,  but,  subsequently, 
the  divine  Ceesar,  and,  after  him,  Augustus  subdued  them 
by  incessant  and  general  warfare.    VII,  1,  1,  p.  289 :  We 
have  spoken  of  Iberia  and  of  the  Celtic  and  Italic  nations 
and  the  islands  adjacent.    .    .    .    North  of  the  Danube  are 
the  countries  beyond  the  Rhine  and  Celtica.     The  nations 
(inhabiting  these  districts)  are  the  Galatic  and  the  Ger- 
manic, as  far  as  the  lands  of  the  Bastamae,  the  Turegetae 
and  the  river  Dnieper;  likewise  (north  of  the  Danube)  is 
the  country  between  that  river,  the  Don  and  the  mouth  of 
the  Sea  of  Azof  which  stretches  inland  as  far  as  the  ocean 
and  is  washed  by  the  Euxine  sea.     South  (of  the  Danube) 
are  the  people  of  Illyria  and  Thrace,  and,  mingled  with 


40  CATHOLIC   UNIVERSITY  BULLETIN. 

them,  certain  tribes  of  Celts  and  other  races,  as  far  as 
Greece.  2,  p.  290 :  Next  after  the  Celts  come  the  Germans 
who  inhabit  the  country  across  the  Rhine  to  the  east ;  they 
differ  but  little  from  the  Celtic  race,  except  in  their  being 
more  savage,  of  greater  stature  and  with  yellower  hair; 
but,  in  other  respects,  in  appearance,  manners  and  customs 
they  are  like  them,  such  as  we  have  related  of  the  Celts. 
The  Romans,  therefore,  seem  to  me  to  have  applied  this 
name  (Germani)  to  them,  wishing  to  signify  the  genuine 
Galates ;  for,  in  the  Latin  language,  Germani  means  ' '  the 
genuine."  3,  p.  290:  The  first  division  of  this  country 
extends  along  the  Rhine  from  its  source  to  its  mouth.  The 
entire  river-land  extends  over  almost  the  whole  breadth 
of  the  country  on  the  west.  The  Romans  have  trans- 
planted some  of  the  people  of  that  country  into  Celtica. 
.  .  .  5,  p.  292 :  So  that  one  passing  from  Celtica  (but, 
Bergk  reads  'EXoui^TTix^t:,  ''Helvetia,  or  eastern  Switzer- 
land") to  the  Hercynian  Forest,  has  first  to  cross  the  lake 
and  then  the  Danube.  2,  p.  293 :  Nor  is  it  true,  what  is 
told  of  the  Cimbri,  that  they  take  up  arms  against  the 
flood-tides,  or  that  the  Celts  exercise  their  intrepidity  by 
permitting  their  houses  to  be  washed  away,  and  after- 
wards rebuild  them,  and  that  more  of  them  perish  by  floods 
than  by  war,  as  Ephorus  relates.  VII,  3,  2,  p.  296 :  There 
are,  besides,  the  Celtic  tribes  of  the  Boii,  Scordisci  and 
Taurisci.  8,  p.  301  fl:  And  Ptolemy,  the  son  of  Lagus, 
tells  us  that  in  that  campaign  (of  Alexander  the  Great 
against  th^  Thracians)  the  Celts  who  live  along  the 
Adriatic  joined  with  Alexander  for  the  purpose  of  making 
a  treaty  of  peace  and  friendship,  and  that  the  king  received 
them  in  a  friendly  way,  and  asked  them,  while  drinking, 
what  they  feared  most ;  for,  he  supposed  that  they  would 
say  it  was  he ;  but  they  replied  that  they  feared  no  man, 
unless  perhaps  that  the  heavens  would  some  time  fall  on 
them,  but  that  they  valued  the  friendship  of  such  a  man 
(as  Alexander)  above  everything.  11,  p.  304:  (Boere- 
bistas,  a  leader  of  the  Getae)  subdued  the  Celts  who  lived 
among  the  Thracians  and  Illyrians.  5,  1,  p.  313 :  Tracian 
tribes  are  found  as  far  as  the  Propontis  and  Hellespont, 


TEE   WOED   CELT.  *1 

and  Scythian  or  Celtic  tribes  intermixed  with  them.  2, 
p.  313:  The  Daci  subdued  the  Boii  and  Taurisci,  Celtic 
tribes  under  Critasiros.  ...  The  Alps,  which  extend 
to  the  lapodes,  a  mixed  Celtic  and  lUyrian  tribe.  4,  p. 
315 :  The  Celtic  style  of  armor. 


Nicolaus  of  Damascus,  fr.  86,  p.  49,  D.  apud  Athenmum,  6,  54, 
p.  249^:  But  Nicolaus  of  Damascus,  who  belonged  to  the 
Peripatetic  school,  says  in  the  one  hundredth  and  eleventh 
book  of  his  many  volumed  history,  which  consisted  of  one 
hundred  and  forty-four  books,  that  Adiatomus,  the  king  of 
the  Celtic  tribe  of  the  Sotiani,  had  about  him  six  hundred 
picked  men,  whom  the  Galates  called  in  their  native  lan- 
guage Siloduri  (the  Soldurii  of  Caesar,  B.  G.  Ill,  22), 
which  means  in  Greek  ''bound  by  a  vow"— F*^^  Ccesaris, 
28,  p.  127:  The  Celts  who  dwell  along  the  upper  sea 
(zz=  Gallia  Narbonensis )—Morwm  mirabilium  collectio, 
fr.  5,  p.  146,  e  Stobcei  Florilegio,  7,  40:  The  Celts  who 
dwell  near  the  ocean  consider  it  a  disgrace  to  escape  from 
a  falling  wall  or  building.  And  when  the  sea  rises  in  a 
flood  and  comes  upon  them,  they  put  on  their  armor  and  go 
out  to  meet  it  and  they  oppose  it  until  they  are  drowned, 
lest  it  be  thought  that  they  had  fled  in  fear  of  death— fr. 
15,  p.  147 :  The  Celts  wearing  their  arms  carry  on  all  the 
business  of  the  city.  They  punish  the  murder  of  a  for- 
eigner more  severely  than  of  a  citizen ;  in  the  former  case 
the  penalty  is  death,  in  the  latter,  banishment.  They  be- 
stow the  highest  honors  upon  those  whose  victories  have 
added  to  the  public  domain.  They  never  lock  the  doors 
of  their  houses. 

Paradoxographus  Vatican.  Rohdii,  25:  Whenever  there  is  a 
famine  or  pestilence,  the  Celts  punish  their  wives  as  be- 
ing responsible  for  their  misfortunes. 

Vitruvius,  VIII,  2,  6 :  The  Ehone  rises  in  Gaul,  the  Rhine  in 
Celtica. 

Livy,  V,  34, 1  sq. :  In  the  reign  of  Tarquinius  Prisons  at  Rome, 
the  control  of  the  Celts,  [who  comprise  the  third  part  of 
Gaul  (according  to  d'Arbois  de  Jubainville,  Livy  is  here 
glossing  his  Greek  authority)],  was  in  the  hands  of  the 
Bituriges.      They  gave  a  king  to  Celticum   (=Ke\Tt«?7 

42 


TEE    WORD    CELT.  *3 

which,  according  to  Ephoi-us  and  Dionysius  of  Halicar- 
nassus,  included  the  greater  part  of  Spain,  France,  Ger- 
many and  Austria ;  it  is  not  to  be  confused  with  the  Celtica 
of  Caesar  which  was  one  of  the  divisions  of  Gaul).  Am- 
bicatus  (this  is  Stokes'  reading  for  Anibigatus  of  the 
codices)  was  his  name. 
Dionysius  of  Halicarnassus,  1, 10, 3 :  For,  the  Ligures  have  their 
homes  mostly  in  Italy,  but  they  also  occupy  some  parts 
of  Celtica.  38,  2:  It  is  said  that  the  ancients  offered 
human  sacrifices  to  Saturn.  That  was  the  practice  in  Car- 
thage so  long  as  the  city  stood,  and, is  found  amongst  the 
Celts  to  this  day  and  certain  other  western  nations.  74,  4 : 
Almost  all  agree  that  the  irruption  of  the  Celts,  in  which 
the  city  of  Kome  was  taken,  took  place  in  the  first  year 
of  the  ninety-eight  Olympiad,  in  the  archonship  of 
Pyrgion.  6:  So  that  the  irruption  of  the  Celts,  which 
we  have  seen  took  place  in  the  second  year  after  the 
census,  occurred  one  hundred  and  twenty  years  later. 
VII,  3,  1  (speaking  of  the  Tyrrheni) :  who  dwelt  near  the 
Ionian  gulf  and,  in  the  course  of  time,  were  driven  from 
thence  by  the  Celts.  70,  4:  It  is  especially  fear  that 
effects  the  barbarians;  there  are  many  reasons  for  this 
which  it  is  not  convenient  to  speak  of  now.  In  the  whole 
course  of  time  down  to  the  present  it  has  never  been  pos- 
sible to  persuade  the  Egyptians  nor  the  Libyans  nor  the 
Celts  nor  the  Scythians  nor  any  other  race  of  barbarians 
to  abandon  or  to  transgress  any  of  their  celebrations  of 
the  orgies  of  the  gods.  XIII,  6,  7 :  Soon  after  that  the 
city,  except  the  Capitol,  was  captured  by  the  Celts  .  .  . 
beleaguered  by  the  Celts.  ...  8:  Suddenly  Camillus 
appeared  and  turned  the  Celts  in  flight  and  as  they  were 
in  disorder  and  confused  he  slaughtered  them  like  vic- 
tims. 7,  9:  The  Romans  sent  a  certain  youth  from  the 
city  of  the  Veii  to  those  who  were  cooped  up  in  the  Capitol. 
He  escaped  the  notice  of  the  Celts  who  were  keeping 
guard  in  that  place  and  climbed  up  and  told  what  was 
wanted.  During  the  night  he  made  his  way  back  un- 
noticed. But,  when  day  came,  one  of  the  Celts  saw  his 
tracks  and  told  the  king.     A  council  of  their  bravest 


44  CATHOLIC   UNIVERSITY  BULLETIN. 

men  was  called  and  the  king  pointed  out  the  way  up  to 
Eome,  etc.  10:  But  the  Celts,  who  by  this  time  were 
more  numerous,  made  their  way  further  in.  8,  11: 
Marcus  Manlius  was  first  to  meet  the  barbarians  and  as 
their  leader  came  up  wielding  his  sword,  he  struck  him 
a  blow  from  the  shoulder  and  cut  off  his  arm  and  then, 
before  they  could  come  to  close  quarters,  he  hit  him  in 
the  face  with  the  oblong  shield  and  threw  him  to  the 
ground  and  killed  him.  Thereupon,  the  rest  fell  into  dis- 
order and  Marcus  drove  them  on,  cutting  down  some  and 
pursuing  others  down  the  cliff,  and  scattered  them.  12: 
The  place  where  the  Celt  had  gone  up.  ...  So  that 
the  Celts  gave  up  hopes  of  taking  the  city  by  stratagem 
or  surprise  and  they  discussed  the  terms  of  a  ransom 
which  the  Romans  would  pay  the  barbarians  and  save  the 
city.  9,  13:  They  swore  to  a  solemn  convention  and  the 
Romans  came  with  the  twenty  five  talents  weight  of  gold 
which  they  had  to  pay  out  to  the  Celts.  The  beam  was 
set  and  the  very  first  weight  the  Celt  put  down  was 
heavier  than  it  should  have  been.  That  angered  the 
Romans  but  the  barbarian  was  far  from  acting  with 
justice.  He  took  his  sword  and  sheath  and  winding  them 
with  the  belt  placed  them  in  the  scales.  When  the 
quaestor  asked  him  what  he  meant  by  that  he  replied, 
'  'Woe  to  the  conquered. ' '  A  third  part  of  the  weight  was 
still  lacking  and  the  Romans  were  unable  to  make  up  the 
full  amount  because  of  the  greed  of  the  Celt.  They 
asked  permission  to  seek  assistance  in  procuring  the  rest 
and  withdrew.  10,  14:  This  was  the  occasion  of  the  ar- 
rival of  the  Celts  into  Italy.  15:  The  young  man  was 
only  too  glad  to  give  his  consent  to  his  (Arun's)  depar- 
ture and  furnished  him  with  everything  he  needed  for 
his  enterprise,  several  bags  of  wine  and  oil  and  baskets 
of  figs  which  he  took  with  him  on  wagons  to  Celtioa. 
11,  16:  At  that  time  the  Celts  were  ignorant  of  grape- 
wine  and  such  oil  as  our  olives  produce,  but  they  used  a 
wine  made  of  barley  soaked  in  water  and,  for  oil,  they 
used  stale  hog-fat,  disgusting  in  smell  and  taste.  The 
first  time  they  enjoyed  those  things  which,  up  to  that  time, 


THE   WORD   CELT.  45 

they  had  never  tasted,  they  took  such  great  pleasure  in 
them  that  they  asked  the  stranger  (Arun)  how  those 
things  were  produced  and  by  what  people.  (The  Tyrrhen- 
ian told  them  that  that  land  was  a  very  fruitful  one  and 
only  sparsely  inhabited  by  a  weak  population. )  17 :  These 
stories  won  over  the  Celts  who  set  out  for  Italy  and  laid 
siege  to  a  place  of  the  Tyrrheni  called  Clusium,  which  was 
the  home  of  the  man  who  had  persuaded  them.  12,  18: 
Messengers  were  sent  from  Rome  to  the  Celts,  and  one  of 
them,  Quintus  Fabius,  learning  that  the  barbarians  had 
gone  out  on  a  foraging  expedition,  engaged  in  battle  with 
them  and  slew  the  leader  of  the  Celts.  Then  the  barbari- 
ans sent  ambassadors  to  Rome  who  demanded  that  the  man 
and  his  brother  be  handed  over  to  them,  to  pay  the  penalty 
for  the  murders.  19:  The  Senate  deferred  its  decision 
and  the  Celts  were  obliged  to  transfer  the  war  to  Rome. 
.  .  .  Then  the  Celts  having  routed  them  brought  all 
Rome  to  terms  except  the  Capitol.  XIV,  1,  1:  Celtioa 
is  situated  in  that  part  of  Europe  that  lies  towards  the 
west,  between  the  north  pole  and  the  equinoctial  west. 
Its  shape  is  like  a  rectangle  and  it  is  bounded  on  the  east 
by  the  Alps  (Struve  reads  by  the  Ripaian  mountains),  the 
greatest  mountains  in  Europe ;  on  the  south  by  the  Pyre- 
nees ;  on  the  west  by  the  ocean  that  lies  beyond  the  Pillars 
of  Hercules ;  by  the  Scythian  and  Thracian  tribes  on  the 
north  and  along  the  Ister  which  is  the  greatest  river  in 
that  district;  it  rises  in  the  Alps  and,  after  a  course 
through  all  the  country  in  the  north,  flows  into  the  Black 
Sea.  2 :  So  great  is  the  magnitude  of  this  territory  that  it 
does  not  lack  much  of  being  a  quarter  of  all  Europe.  It  is 
well  watered,  its  soil  is  rich  and  produces  an  abundance 
of  fruit  and  it  is  excellent  for  grazing.  It  is  divided  in 
the  middle  by  the  Rhine,  which  is  supposed  to  be  the 
largest  river  in  Europe  next  to  the  Ister.  The  district 
on  this  (the  eastern)  side  of  the  Rhine  bordering  on 
Scythia  and  Thrace  is  Germany  which  reaches  to  the 
Hercynian  forest  and  the  Ripaian  mountains.  The  other 
district  (west  of  the  Rhine)  facing  the  south  as  far  as 
the  Pyrenees  which  encompass  the  Galatic  Gulf  is  Galatia 


46  CATHOLIC   UNIVERSITY  BULLETIN. 

{=  Gallia),  named  after  the  sea.  3:  The  Greeks  have 
but  one  name  for  the  whole  territory,  viz.  Celtica,  which, 
some  say,  took  its  name  from  a  certain  giant,  Celtos,  who 
ruled  there.  Others  tell  as  a  legend  that  Hercules  and 
Asterope,  daughter  of  Atlas,  had  two  sons,  Iberos  and 
Celtos,  who  gave  their  names  to  the  lands  over  which  they 
ruled.  Others  say  that  there  is  a  certain  river,  the 
Celtos,  (the  earlier  Celtic  name  for  the  Garonne?)  which 
rises  in  the  Pyrenees,  and  that  from  this  river  at  first  the 
adjacent  and  then  in  the  course  of  time  the  rest  of  the 
district  was  called  Celtica.  Still  others  say  that  when 
the  Greeks  first  came  to  that  country  their  ships  were  car- 
ried by  strong  winds  towards  the  Galatic  Gulf  and  that 
when  the  men  reached  land  they  called  the  country 
Celsica  because  of  the  adventure  they  had  had.  This 
word,  by  a  change  of  a  single  letter,  their  descendants 
made  into  Celtica.  8,  12 :  On  their  second  expedition  to 
Eome  the  Celts  laid  waste  the  land  of  Alba  and  gorged 
themselves  with  food  and  drank  heavily  of  unmixed  wine. 
The  wine  grown  in  that  district  is  the  sweetest  next  to 
the  Falernian  and  tastes  very  much  like  a  mixture  of 
honey  and  water.  An  unusually  heavy  sleep  fell  upon 
them  and  they  passed  most  of  their  time  in  the  shade. 
They  became  so  fleshy  and  flabby  and  their  strength  was 
so  weakened  that  when  they  attempted  to  exercise  their 
bodies  and  to  engage  in  hard  labor  their  breath  failed 
them  every  little  while,  their  limbs  were  bathed  in  sweat 
and  they  ceased  working  before  they  received  the  com- 
mand from  their  leaders.  9,  13  (Camillus  addresses  his 
soldiers)  :  ''We  have  had  weapons  made  for  us  that  are 
superior  to  those  of  the  barbarians,  breastplates  and 
helmets  and  greaves  and  stout  shields  which  protect  the 
entire  body,  two-edged  swords  and,  instead  of  spears, 
arrows,  a  missile  that  cannot  be  escaped.  Our  defensive 
armor  does  not  yield  easily  to  blows  and  is  so  adapted  as 
to  afford  complete  protection.  But,  the  enemies'  heads 
are  bare,  as  are  their  breasts,  sides,  thighs  and  legs  down 
to  the  feet,  and  they  have  no  other  protection  but  shields. 
Their  only  weapon  of  attack  are  spears  and  very  long 


THE   WORD   CELT.  47 

curved  swords.  15:  What  great  harm  can  their  long 
thick  hair,  their  wild  eyes  and  the  grim  expression  of 
their  face  do  us  when  we  fight  them  ?  And  the  harsh  up- 
roar, the  empty  flourish  of  arms,  the  frequent  clashing  of 
shields  and  the  other  threatening  things  in  form  and 
voice  that  the  crazed  barbarians  indulge  in  against  an 
enemy  advancing  in  order?  What  good  does  it  do  the 
fools  to  advance  arrogantly  and  why  should  those  fear 
who  use  their  reason  in  the  midst  of  terrors  ? "  16 :  ' '  As 
many  of  you  as  were  present  in  the  first  war  with  the 
Celts."  10,  17:  The  attack  of  the  barbarians  was  wild 
and  savage  and  altogether  without  the  skill  that  is  em- 
ployed in  arms.  At  one  time  they  raised  their  swords 
and  struck  blindly,  falling  upon  the  Romans  with  their 
entire  body  just  as  wood-cutters  or  diggers;  then  they 
would  give  aimless  blows  as  if  they  would  hew  down  the 
enemy,  armor  and  all ;  they  even  turned  back  the  edges  of 
their  swords.  18 :  On  the  other  side  was  the  courage  of  the 
Romans  whose  manoeuvring  against  the  barbarians  was 
well  carried  out  and  had  but  little  that  was  dangerous  to 
themselves.  Whenever  the  barbarians  raised  their 
swords,  the  Romans  would  give  a  lunge  in  under  the  arm, 
and  holding  their  shields  high  the  Romans  bent  and 
crouched  so  that  the  enemies'  blows  were  over  their  head 
and  ineffectual.  If  they  carried  their  swords  high  they 
were  struck  in  the  groin  and  pierced  in  the  side  and  the 
vitals  reached.  If  there  were  any  who  had  those  parts 
protected,  the  Romans  cut  the  tendons  of  the  knees  or 
ankles  and  lay  them  on  the  ground  roaring  and  gnawing 
their  shields  and  howling  like  wild  beasts.  19 :  Strength 
failed  many  of  the  barbarians,  since  their  limbs  were 
enfeebled  from  fatigue.  Their  arms  were  blunted  or 
broken  to  pieces  and  of  no  use  to  them.  Besides,  be- 
cause of  the  blood  running  from  their  wounds  and  the 
sweat  pouring  from  all  over  their  body,  they  were  unable 
to  control  their  swords  or  to  handle  the  shields,  their 
fingers  slipped  from  the  handles  and  their  grip  was  weak. 
12,  22:  The  Celt  was  a  good  deal  taller,  in  fact  he  ex- 
ceeded the  common  stature.     XV,  1,  1:  When  the  Celts 


48  CATHOLIC   UNIVERSITY  BULLETIN. 

were  marching  on  Rome,  a  certain  king  challenged  any 
man  of  the  Romans  to  single  combat  and  Marcus  Valerius 
.  .  .  went  out  to  fight  the  Celt.  When  they  came  to- 
gether a  crow  lighted  upon  the  helmet  of  Valerius  and 
screamed  terribly  looking  at  the  barbarian  and,  as  often 
as  he  was  about  to  strike  a  blow,  flew  at  him  and  toriB  his 
cheeks  with  its  claws  and  struck  at  his  eyes  with  its 
beak,  so  that  the  Celt  lost  his  wits  and  did  not  know  how 
he  could  strike  the  man  and  ward  off  the  crow.  2 :  After 
considerable  time  had  passed  in  the  struggle,  the  Celt 
finally  attacked  Valerius  and  lowered  his  sword  to  pierce 
him  in  the  side,  when  the  crow  flew  at  him  and  struck  his 
eyes.  As  he  stretched  out  his  shield  to  drive  away  the 
bird,  the  Roman  followed  him  up  and,  as  the  shield  was 
still  raised,  drove  in  his  sword  from  below  and  slew  the 
Celt.  18,  13  (18),  5:  Publius  Cornelius,  who  as  consul 
four  years  before  had  slaughtered  all  that  race  of  Celts 
including  the  youth,  who  are  called  Senones  (substituted 
for  the  Boil)  and  are  the  bitterest  enemies  of  the  Romans 
(referring  to  the  battle  of  the  Vadimonian  Lake). 

Philippos,  in  Anthologia  Palatina,  9,  561,  3 :  Or  the  ever  frozen 
snow-clad  Alps  of  the  Celts. 

Mela,  III,  2,  20 :  All  the  territory  occupied  by  these  people  is 
called  Gallia  Comata.  There  are  three  principal  names 
of  their  tribes  who  are  separated  by  large  rivers.  The 
Aquitani  extend  from  the  Pyrenees  to  the  Garonne,  the 
Celts  from  thence  to  the  Seine,  the  Belgians  from  thence 
to  the  Rhine.  The  most  important  tribe  of  the  Aquitani 
are  the  Ausci,  of  the  Celts  the  Aedui  and  of  the  Belgians 
the  Treveri.  The  most  flourishing  city  of  the  Treveri  is 
Augusta  (Trier),  of  the  Aedui  Autun,  and  of  the  Ausci 
Elimberrum  (Auch). 

Dioscorides,  1,  c.  7:  Celtic  nard  grows  in  the  Alps  near 
Liguria.  In  the  language  of  the  country  it  is  called 
saliougca  {cf.  Pelagonius,  28,  273.  31,  454.  A&^—Vegetius, 
de  mulomedicina:  Celtic  spike— Marcellus  empiricws  de 
medicamentis,  c.  8,  194,  p.  89,  31  H. :  Of  Celtic  nard.  c. 
17,  52,  p.  177,  3:  Of  Celtic  spike,  c.  20,  149,  p.  219,  27: 
Of  Celtic  nard  (the  codex  has  nardoceltici) .    c.  21,  19, 


THE    WORD    CELT.  49 

p.  226,  10 :  Of  Celtic  nard,  that  is,  of  the  saliiinca  or  wild 
nurd— II ermeneumata  Monacensia,  CGIL,  2,  p.  195,  23: 
bundles  of  Celtic  nard— Glossce  Cassinenses,  CGIL,  3, 
p.  537,  53 :  The  Celtic,  that  is  the  spikenard,  cf.  also  ibid., 
p.  539,  21  and  p.  541,  7). 

Lucan,  4,  9  ff. :  And  the  Celts  who  had  migrated  from  the 
ancient  race  of  Gauls,  combining  their  name  with  that 
of  the  Iberians.— C/.  Usener's  note:  The  people  of  Gaul 
were  driven  by  famine  to  Spain  and  they  are  called 
Celtiberi,  which  is  a  combination  of  the  two  names. 

Pliny,  Natural  History,  III,  8 :  M.  Varro  wrote  that  the  Iberi, 
the  Persians,  the  Phoenicians,  the  Celts  and  the  Carth- 
aginians came  and  occupied  the  whole  extent  of  Spain. 
IV,  105 :  All  Gaul,  which  is  comprised  under  the  general 
name  Comata,  is  divided  into  three  main  groups  of 
peoples  who  are  separated  chiefly  by  rivers.  Belgica  ex- 
tends from  the  Scheldt  to  the  Seine,  from  thence  to  the 
Garonne  is  Celtica  also  called  Lugdunensis ;  from  thence 
to  the  chain  of  the  Pyrenees  is  Aquitania,  formerly  called 
Armorica.  VIII,  6 :  Mucianus,  wlio  was  three  times  con- 
sul, is  authority  for  the  story  that  one  of  these  elephants 
was  taught  to  write  the  Greek  characters  and  that  he  used 
to  write  in  that  language:  "I  v»^rote  this  and  it  is  I  who 
have  dedicated  these  Celtic  spoils."  XIV,  107:  With 
Celtic  nard.  XXXIII,  39:  These  bracelets  are  called 
viriolae  in  Celtic  and  viriae  in  CELTo-iberian. 

Silius  I,  45-^19:  Shall  not  the  Trebia  flow  for  me  (Juno) 
through  Celtic  regions  with  Eoman  blood  and  roll  back 
choked  with  heaps  of  warriors  slain,  and  Thrnsymenus 
look  with  horror  on  his  waters  turbid  with  the  wide 
spread  gore?  Ill,  340-343:  Next  came  the  Celts  who 
share  tlieir  name  with  the  Iberians  (=:Celtiberians). 
They  hold  that  it  is  an  honor  to  fall  in  battle  and  that 
it  is  a  disgrace  for  the  bodies  of  the  fallen  to  be  burned. 
For,  they  believe  that  the  bodies  left  on  the  ground  for 
the  hungry  vultures  are  taken  to  heaven  to  the  gods.  417- 
419:  Lofty  Pyrene,  its  summit  wrapped  in  clouds,  be- 
holds the  Iberi  far  divided  from  the  Celts  and  stands  an 
everlasting  bound  between  those  two  vast  lands.     447- 


50  CATHOLIC    UNIVERSITY   BULLETIN. 

448:  (The  Rhone  which)  takes  its  rise  in  Alpine  heights 
and  snow-ciad  rock  and  spreads  over  Celtic  lands.  IV, 
63:  (Hannibal)  had  made  his  way  through  Celtic  lands. 
148-156:  Before  all  the  rest  inished  the  nimble  band  of 
Boii,  led  on  by  Crixus  and  opposed  their  huge  bodies  to 
the  Roman  van.  He,  full  of  pride  in  his  noble  forbears, 
boasted  that  he  was  of  Brennus'  blood  and  claimed  the 
captured  Capitol.  Fool  that  he  was,  he  bore  engraved 
in  his  shield  the  Tarpeian  rock  and  the  sacred  height  and 
the  Celts  weighing  the  ransom  gold.  His  milk  white 
neck  flashed  with  resplendent  chains,  with  gold  his  gar- 
ments were  striped  and  sleeves  stood  out  and  his  helmet 
shone  with  gold.  189-190:  The  Celtic  fury  filled  the 
entire  plain.  300:  Now  that  their  leader  is  lost,  the 
Celts  take  to  their  feet.  V,  142-143 :  Then  he  takes  the 
shield  which  oft  before  in  slaughter  Celtic  blood  had 
stained.  VI,  23-24:  When  as  victor  he  (Flaminius)  had 
overwhelmed  the  Celtic  arms,  for  the  gods  were  more 
propitious  then.  VIII,  16-20:  The  Celts,  too,  of  fickle 
mind,  but  fierce  at  first,  a  boastful  race,  inconstant,  looked 
toward  their  homes.  They  grieved  that  war  should  be 
waged  without  slaughter  (a  thing  unknown  to  them)  and 
their  hands  dry  of  blood  grew  dull  as  they  lay  midst  the 
arms  of  Mars.  IX,  235-236:  With  bands  of  Celts  who 
oft  had  been  bathed  in  Eridanus'  stream.  X,  304:  The 
Numidians,  the  Garamas,  the  Celts  (Burmann  reads  the 
Celt)  the  Moor  and  the  Asturian.  XI,  25-29:  But  now 
the  proud  restless  dwellers  beside  Eridanus,  the  Celts, 
increased  the  misfortunes  of  the  Romans  and,  moved  by 
their  ancient  hate,  hastened  to  unite  into  one  band.  But, 
would  it  be  just  to  lay  the  blame  of  this  on  the  Celts,  and 
of  those  battles  on  the  Boian  tribes?  XIII,  79-81:  She 
(Pallas)  snatched  in  death  the  Celts  who  dared  storm 
the  walls  of  Rome,  and  not  one  of  the  many  thousands 
of  so  great  a  race  did  she  allow  to  return  to  his  ancestral 
hearth.  XV,  715-719:  In  the  first  rank  stood  the  tall 
cohorts,  the  standard  bearers  of  the  Celts,  whose  lines 
were  broke  open  by  a  sudden  fierce  and  wedge-shaped  at- 
tack.     Tired  as  they  were  from  the  march  and  unused 


TEE   WORD   CELT.  ^1 

to  the  scorching  sun  and  breathless  from  the  long  contin- 
ued toil,  their  native  terror  put  them  to  flight. 

Josephiis,  Antiquities  of  the  Jews,  XIX,  15:  The  knowledge 
of  the  death  of  Gaius  reached  the  Germans  first.  They 
were  his  body-guard;  they  bore  the  same  name  as  the 
race  from  which  they  had  been  enlisted  and  composed 
the  Celtic  division. 

Dio  Chrijsostomus,  oratio  49  t.  2,  p.  249  B. :  Whom  the  Celts 
call  druids.  Oratio  79  t.  2,  p.  433  R. :  And  what  is  to  be 
said  about  the  Celts  in  whose  land  we  are  told  is  a  certain 
river  which  bears  down  amber,  and  great  quantities  of 
it  are  thrown  out  and  He  along  the  banks,  just  as  pebbles 
on  our  sea-shore?  Formerly  the  children  playing 
games  threw  the  amber  about,  but  now  it  is  gathered  and 
saved,  for  they  have  learned  from  us  that  they  are  rich. 
Consider  then  that  all  these  peoples,  I  mean  the  Celts, 
the  Indians,  the  Iberians,  the  Arabians  and  the  Babylon- 
ians take  tribute  from  us,  not  of  our  land  or  cattle,  but 
of  our  folly.  Anonymi  CorintMaca  oratio,  37,  p.  114  R. : 
(Ordained)  for  the  Celts,  lest  any  of  those  barbarians, 
by  turning  to  this,  should  despair  of  an  Hellenic  culture. 

Plutarch,  Romulus,  17:  And  Simulus  the  poet  says  that 
Tarpeia  betrayed  the  Capitol  not  to  the  Sabines  but  to 
the  Celts  with  whose  king  she  had  fallen  in  love.  He 
talks  utter  nonsense  when  he  says :  ' '  Tarpeia  who  dwelt 
near  the  Capitolian  rock  became  the  destroyer  of  walls, 
for,  in  her  g-uilty  passion  for  the  sceptre  bearer  of  the 
Celts,  she  neglected  the  guard  of  her  fathers'  homes," 
and,  a  little  later,  speaking  of  her  death,  he  sayS:  ''Her, 
the  Boii  and  the  numerous  nations  of  the  Celts  left  not 
within  the  bed  of  the  Po,  but,  possessed  of  warlike  frenzy, 
they  threw  their  arms  upon  the  luckless  maid  as  an 
adornment  and  for  her  death."  22:  And  this  (divining 
rod)  was  kept  in  the  Palatium  but  disappeared  when  the 
city  was  taken  by  the  Celts.  29 :  When  the  Celts  who 
hnd  taken  Rome  were  driven  back  by  Camillus.— Camt7- 
Ins,  15:  The  Galates  are  of  the  Celtic  race.  18:  On 
learning  of  that,  the  Celts  were  angry  and  without  delay 
they  advanced  with  all  haste.    The  people  through  whose 


52  CATHOLIC    UNIVERSITY  BULLETIN. 

country  they  marched,  amazed  at  their  multitude  and 
their  elaborate  preparation  and  at  their  force  and  spirit, 
made  ready  to  surrender  their  country  as  already  lost 
and  abandon  their  cities.  But,  contrary  to  expectations, 
they  did  no  damage  and  took  nothing  from  the  inhabit- 
ants. As  they  passed  near  the  cities  they  cried  out  that 
they  were  on  their  way  to  Rome,  that  it  was  the  Romans 
alone  they  were  making  war  on  and  that  they  regarded 
all  others  as  their  friends.  .  .  .  There  the  barbarians 
suddenly  came  into  view  and  the  Romans,  having  made 
a  disgraceful  show  of  a  fight,  turned  in  disorder.  The 
Celts  drove  the  left  wing  into  the  river  and  destroyed 
it.  The  right  wing,  by  avoiding  the  attack  and  getting 
from  the  plain  to  the  hills,  suffered  less  and  many  of 
them  escaped  from  thence  to  the  city.  23;  The  misfor- 
tune of  the  Romans  ought  not  be  ascribed  to  the  valor 
of  the  Celts.  26 :  In  the  evening  he  called  together  the 
most  active  bodied  Celts  and  those  who  had  had  most 
experience  in  mountain  climbing.  28:  From  that  time 
on  the  position  of  the  Celts  became  more  and  more  hope- 
less. .  .  .  After  they  had  sworn  to  the  agreement  and 
the  gold  had  been  provided,  the  Celts  acted  unfairly  in 
the  matter  of  the  weight,  at  first  under  cover  but  they 
soon  openly  disturbed  the  balance  and  the  Romans  were 
annoyed  at  them.  29:  While  the  dispute  about  these 
matters  was  going  on  among  themselves  and  among  the 
Celts,  Camillus  was  at  the  gates  at  the  head  of  his  army. 
...  he  ordered  the  Celts  to  take  their  scales  and 
balance  and  to  depart.  .  .  .  Brennns  quickly  recollected 
himself  and  led  the  Celts  away  to  the  camp  with  the  loss 
of  only  a  few.  36:  Marcus  Manlius  who  first  drove  the 
Celts  back  from  the  citadel  when  they  were  making  their 
night  assault  upon  the  Capitol.  .  .  .  For,  the  spot  where 
Manlius  had  stood  and  fought  his  night  combat  with  the 
Celts  overlooked  the  forum  from  the  Capitol  and  it 
brought  compassion  to  all  who  saw  him.  40  (anno  367) : 
The  Celts,  many  thousands  in  number,  are  again  march- 
ing from  the  Adriatic  on  to  Rome.  41 :  ^Vhen  the  Celts 
were  near  fit  hand  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  river  Anio, 


THE    WORD    CELT.  53 

with  a  hea^T  camp  and  loaded  with  vast  spoil.  .  .  .  The 
first  thing  to  destroy  the  arrogance  of  the  Celts  was  that 
they  saw  the  rvouians  take  the  offensive,  which  they  had 
not  looked  for.  .  .  .  This  fight  is  said  to  have  taken 
place  thirteen  years  after  the  sack  of  Rome,  and  hence- 
forth the  Romans  had  firm  courage  against  the  barbarians 
whom  they  had  feared  exceedingly  and  who,  they  thought, 
had  been  previously  defeated  by  chance  owing  rather  to 
pestilence  than  to  their  own  valor. 


THE  WORD   CELT, 

(concluded.) 

Plutarch  (continued),  Fabius  Maximus,  17:  As  in  the  mis- 
fortunes suffered  at  the  hands  of  the  Celts.  Marcellus, 
3 :  The  Insubrians,  a  Celtic  tribe  inhabiting  Italy  at  the 
foot  of  the  Alps  and  powerful  even  by  themselves.  .  .  . 
The  Celtic  war  was  not  carried  on  at  the  same  time  as 
the  Punic  war.  6 :  The  Celts  put  but  little  value  on  his 
(Marcellus')  cavalry.  7:  Marcellus  returned  to  his  col- 
league who  was  with  difficulty  holding  his  own  against 
the  Celts  below  the  walls  of  the  largest  and  most  popu- 
lous city  of  the  Galates.  Its  name  is  Mediolanum  (Milan), 
and  the  Celts  on  this  side  of  the  Alps  consider  it  their 
metropolis.  .  .  .  Mediolanum  was  taken  and  the  Celts 
of  their  own  accord  turned  over  everything  they  had 
to  the  Romans.  Comparison  of  Pelopidas  and  Marcellus, 
1:  Against  the  Celts.  2:  He  (Marcellus)  routed  the 
Celts  without  the  help  of  his  colleague.  Manus,  11 :  The 
Celts  possessed  the  best  part  of  Italy  which  they  had 
taken  away  from  the  Tyrrheni.  .  .  .  Others,  however, 
hold  that  Celtica  extends  over  a  wide,  extensive  tract 
from  the  outer  sea  (the  Atlantic)  and  the  north- 
ern regions  to  the  rising  sun  near  where  Lake  Maeotis 
turns  to  border  on  Pontic  Scythia,  and  that  it  is  from 
that  region  that  those  races  (the  Scythian  and  Celtic) 
were  mingled.  27:  Above  all,  many  proclaimed  him 
(Marius)  as  the  third  founder  of  Rome,  since  they  con- 
sidered that  the  danger  that  had  been  averted  was  not 
less  than  the  Celtic  danger.  Sertorius,  3:  Having  put 
on  Celtic  clothes  and  having  made  himself  familiar  with 
the  ordinary  expressions  of  the  language  for  the  pur- 
pose of  conversing  with  them  when  occasion  might  offer, 
he  (Sertorius)  mingled  with  the  barbarians.  Compari- 
son of  Nicias  and  Crassus,  4:  AYhen  Caesar  had  subdued 
the  West  and  the  Celts  and  the  Germans  and  Britain. 

54 


TUE   WORD   CELT.  55 

Pompey,  7:  When  the  Celts  rode  out  from  the  side  of 
the  enemy,  Pomi)ey  was  first  to  strike  the  leader  and 
strongest  of  them  with  a  spear  and  bring  him  down. 
The  rest  turned  and  threw  the  infantry  into  confusion, 
so  that  all  were  put  to  flight.  8:  Sulla  immediately  sent 
Pompey  into  Celtica  where  Metellus  held  command  and 
seemed  to  be  doing  nothing  corresponding  to  his  prep- 
arations. .  .  .  When  he  (Pompey)  had  entered  Celtica. 
...  51 :  During  this  time  the  Celtic  wars  raised  Ctesar 
to  distinction.  Caesar,  14:  Pompey  assigned  to  Ciesar 
for  five  years  all  Celtica,  both  on  this  and  the  other  side 
of  the  Alps,  besides  Illyria  and  four  legions.  15:  The 
expeditions  by  which  he  (Cirsar)  subdued  Celtica.  18: 
His  (Caesar's)  first  war  with  the  Celts  was  against  the 
Helvetii  and  the  Tigurini.  19:  His  next  contest  was 
fought  with  the  Germans  and  directly  in  defence  of  the 
Celts.  20:  For,  the  river  named  Rubicon  separates  the 
rest  of  Italy  from  Celtica  that  is  below  the  Alps.  .  .  . 
When  he  heard  that  the  Belgians,  who  were  the  most 
powerful  of  the  Celts  and  in  possession  of  a  third  of  all 
Celtica,  had  revolted.  22 :  Ctcsar,  having  returned  to  his 
forces  in  Celtica,  found  much  war  in  that  country.  29 : 
For  the  Celtic  contests.  32:  Ariminum.  a  large  city  in 
Celtica.  34:  In  the  Celtic  wars.  58:  Having  overrun 
the  lands  bordering  on  the  Germans  and  Germany  itself, 
to  return  through  the  territory  of  the  Celts  to  Italy. 
Cato,  51:  Neither  the  children  of  the  Germans  nor  of 
the  Celts.  Antony,  37:  Ten  thousand  Iberians  and 
Celts.  41 :  The  Celts  formed  their  horse  into  a  com- 
pact body  and  rode  upon  them  and  dispersed  them. 
Consolatio  ad  Apollonium,  22,  p.  113  A:  For,  indeed,  grief 
is  effeminate  and  a  sign  of  weakness  and  cowardice.  For, 
women  indulge  in  mourning  more  than  men,  and  the 
barbarians  more  than  the  Greeks  and  inferior  more  than 
superior  men.  And  of  the  barbarians  themselves,  grief 
is  not  found  among  the  noblest  of  them,  the  Celts 
and  Galates  and  all  those  that  are  imbued  with  a  more 
manly  courage.  The  Virtues  of  Women,  sub  Celtic 
Women,  p.  246,  B-D :  Before  the  Celts  crossed  the  Alps 


56  CATHOLIC    UNIVERSITY   BULLETIN. 

and  settled  in  that  part  of  Italy  which  they  now  occupy 
a  serious  sedition  broke  out  which  went  unchecked  until 
it  grew  to  a  civil  war.  But  the  women  went  into  the 
midst  of  the  fighting  warriors  and,  when  they  heard  the 
cause  of  the  strife,  settled  the  dispute  so  equitably  that 
the  warriors  separated  and,  as  a  result  of  this  interven- 
tion, a  most  remarkable  friendship  sprang  up  both  among 
the  cities  and  the  families.  Hence,  in  deciding  matters  of 
war  and  peace  and  in  disputes  with  their  allies  they  were 
advised  and  directed  by  their  wives.  Even  in  the  treaty 
which  they  made  with  Hannibal  it  was  stipulated  that 
if  the  Celts  should  bring  any  charge  against  the  Cartha- 
ginians, the  Carthaginian  commanders  and  generals  in 
Spain  should  be  the  judges  of  the  dispute,  but  if  it  should 
be  the  Carthaginians  who  lodged  the  complaint,  the  wives 
of  the  Celts  should  decide  it.  (Cf.  sub  Polynaeus,  in- 
fra.) 

Pseudo-Plutarch,  On  Rivers,  VI,  1:  The  Arar  is  a  river  in 
Celtica. 

Dionysius,  Description  of  the  Earth,  288-293:  Next  them  (the 
Iberians)  are  the  Pyrenees  mountains  and  the  homes  of 
the  Celts,  near  by  the  spring  of  the  clear  flowing 
Erida0us,  by  whose  waters  of  yore  in  the  silent  night 
the  daughters  of  the  Sun  mourned  for  Phoethon.  There 
the  children  of  the  Celts  sit  under  the  poplars  and  press 
out  the  tears  of  gold-gleaming  amber. 

Arrianus,  On  Hunting,  1,  4:  Ignorant  of  the  Celtic  breed 
of  dogs.  2,  1:  The  Celtic  breed  of  dogs.  2:  One  may 
conclude  from  this  that  he  (Xenophon)  did  not  know 
any  breed  of  dogs  that  equals  the  Celtic  dogs  in  fleet- 
ness  .  .  .  for  if  he  had  known  of  the  Celtic  hounds, 
I  think  he  would  have  said  the  same  thing  about  them, 
that  if  any  hares  escape  in  the  chase  it  is  because  of 
some  defect  in  the  hound  or  owing  to  some  particular  cir- 
cumstance. 3,  1 :  The  Celts  that  do  not  live  by  the  chase 
hunt  without  using  a  net,  but  simply  for  the  sport  of 
hunting;  their  dogs  are  no  less  keen  in  following  the 
scent  than  the  Carian  and  Cretan  hounds,  but  their  way 
of  pursuing  the  game  is  troublesome  and  savage.     3: 


THE   WORD   CELT. 


57 


These  dogs  are  called  Segusii  from  a  tribe  of  that  name, 
where,  I  fancy,  they  were  first  raised  and  became  popu- 
lar. 5 :  The  best  bred  of  these  hounds  are  the  most  good 
for  nothing,  so  that  there  is  a  popular  saying  among 
the  Celts  which  compares  them  to  beggars  on  the  road. 
6:  The  swift-footed  Celtic  hounds  are  called  vertragi 
in  the  language  of  the  Celts,  not  from  the  name  of  a 
people,  as  is  the  case  with  the  Cretan,  Carian  and  La- 
conian  hounds,  but  just  as  the  diaponoi  or  '* hardy"  of 
the  Cretans  are  so  called  because  of  their  liking  for 
work,  and  the  itamai  or  "eager,"  because  of  their  swift- 
ness, and  those  that  are  crosses  of  both  kinds,  so  these 
dogs  are  called  vertragi  because  of  their  fleetness.  19,  1- 
21 :  The  wealthy  Celts  that  live  in  ease  engage  in  hunt- 
ing. 34,  1-3:  It  is  the  practice  of  some  of  the  Celts 
to  sacrifice  annually  to  Artemis,  but  others  appoint  a 
treasure  for  the  goddess.  35,  1 :  I,  too,  with  my  fellow 
hmiters  follow  the  custom  of  the  Celts,  and  I  maintain 
that  nothing  turns  out  well  for  mortals  without  the  as- 
sistance of  the  gods.  Tactics,  33,  1:  For,  many  (of  these 
military  terms)  do  nov  belong  to  the  language  of  the 
Romans,  but  to  that  of  the  Iberians  or  Celts,  since  the 
Romans  adopted  those  very  tactics  that  were  Celtic  be- 
cause they  valued  the  Celtic  cavalry  highly  in  battle. 
43,  2:  That  manoeuvre  is  called  toloutegon  in  Celtic.  37, 
4 :  In  riding  by,  the  cast  in  wheeling  to  the  right  is  nec- 
essary, but,  in  the  complete  wheeling  about  the  cast  that 
is  called  petrinos  in  the  language  of  the  Celts  is  to  be 
employed.  42,  4:  The  cast  that  is  called  xynema  in 
the  language  of  the  Celts  is  not  easily  employed  unless 
with  an  iron  javelin.  44,  1:  The  emperor  (Hadrian)  gave 
orders  that  his  soldiers  should  practice  the  tactics  of  the 
barbarians,  such  as  the  horse-archers  of  the  Parthians 
and  Armenians  use,  and  the  wheeling  about  and  sudden 
turning  back  of  their  horses  when  running  at  full  speed 
which  the  Sarmatian  and  Celtic  pike-bearers  practice; 
besides  their  various  skirmishings  and  their  different  na- 
tive cries,  the  Celtic  horsemen  to  learn  the  shouts  of 
the  Celts,  the  Getan  those  of  the  GetoB  and  the  Rhaetian 


58  CATHOLIC   UNIVERSITY   BULLETIN. 

those  of  the  Rhaetians.  Acies  contra  Alanos,  2 :  Then  will 
come  the  Celtic  cavalry  in  two  ranks.  It  will  be  under 
the  command  of  a  centurion  just  as  in  camp.  Ind.,  16,  10 : 
The  Indians '  horses  are  not  loaded  with  packsaddles  nor 
are  they  checked  by  bridles  such  as  the  Greeks  and  Celts 
use.  Voyage,  11,  5:  We  beheld  the  Caucasus  which,  in 
height,  resembles  most  the  Celtic  Alps.  Anabasis,  I,  3, 1 : 
Alexander  came  to  the  river  Ister,  the  most  considerable 
of  all  the  streams  in  Europe,  both  in  respect  of  the  ter- 
ritory through  which  it  flows,  and  of  the  very  warlike 
nations  inhabiting  it,  among  whom  the  Celts,  in  whose 
lands  it  takes  its  rise,  hold  first  place.  The  remotest  of 
these  are  the  Kouadi  and  the  Marcomanni.  4,  6:  Am- 
bassadors came  .  .  .  from  the  Celts  who  inhabit  the 
country  near  the  Ionian  Gulf.  The  Celts  are  large  of 
body  and  of  an  arrogant  spirit.  They  all  said  that  they 
had  come  for  the  sake  of  Alexander's  friendship.  8: 
Pledges  were  made  and  accepted  on  either  side  and  Alex- 
ander asked  them  what  they  dreaded  most  of  all  things 
in  the  world,  imagining  that,  as  his  great  name  and 
fame  must  have  reached  the  Celts  and  even  farther,  they 
would  answer  that  it  was  that  they  feared  most  of 
all.  8 :  But,  the  answer  of  the  Celts  was  not  w^hat  he  ex- 
pected; for,  as  they  lived  far  removed  from  Alexander 
and  their  country  was  difficult  of  access,  and  they  re- 
garded Alexander's  expedition  from  another  point  of 
view,  they  told  him  that  their  only  fear  was  that  the 
skies  should  fall  upon  their  heads.  lie  thereupon  treated 
them  as  friends  and  enrolled  them  am.ong  the  number 
of  his  allies  and  dismissed  them,  saying  that  the  Celts 
were  a  boastful  nation.  V,  7,  2 :  In  the  same  manner 
as  the  Romans  made  their  bridge  over  the  Ister  and 
over  the  Celtic  Rhine.  VII,  15,  4:  The  Carthaginians 
also  are  said  to  have  sent  ambassadors  at  that  time.  Am- 
bassadors came  also  from  the  Ethiopians  and  from  the 
Scythians  in  Europe,  as  also  from  the  Celts  and  Iber- 
ians, asking  his  friendship;  the  names  and  manner  of 
dress  of  these  last  mentioned  were  then  made  known  for 
the  first  time  to  the  Greek  Macedonians. 


THE   WORD   CELT.  59 

Cleomedes,  On  the  circular  Motion  of  the  celestial  Bodies,  II, 
1,  88,  p.  160  Z.:  It  is  said  that  at  Meroe,  which  is  in 
Etliiopia,  the  summer  night  lasts  eleven  hours,  at  Alex- 
andria ten,  at  the  Hellespont  nine,  af  Rome  less  than 
nine,  at  Marseilles  eight  and  a  half,  among  the  Celts 
eight,  at  Lake  Maeotis  seven,  and  in  Britain  six. 

Appianus,  Prooenmim,  3:  As  far  as  the  country  of  the  Celts 
whom  the  Romans  call  Galates,  and  of  the  tribes  of  Celts, 
some  look  toward  the  Mediterranean,  others  toward  the 
southern  ocean,  and  still  others  dwell  along  the  river 
Rhone.  4 :  On  the  other  side  of  these  rivers,  some  of  the 
Celts  living  beyond  the  Rhine,  and,  beyond  the  Ister, 
some  of  the  Getv,  whom  they  call  Dacians,  are  subject 
to  the  Romans.  14 :  The  rest  (of  the  work)  will  be  named 
according  to  its  subject,  the  Celtic,  Sicilian,  Iberian, 
nannil)alic,  Carthaginian,  Macedonian  chapters  of  Roman 
history,  and  so  on.  ItaL,  8:  For,  when  the  Celts  took 
the  city,  the  people  fled  for  protection  to  Camillus  and 
again  chose  him  Dictator,  as  has  been  narrated  in  the 
work  on  Celtic  affairs.  9:  When  Marcus  Manlius  the 
patrician  saved  Rome  from  destruction  at  the  time  that 
the  Celts  were  invading  the  city,  he  was  thought  worthy 
of  the  highest  honors.  Gall.,  1,  1 :  The  Celts  first  waged 
war  against  the  Romans  and  took  Rome,  except  the  capi- 
tol,  and  burned  it.  But,  Camillus  overcame  them  and 
drove  them  off.  After  some  time,  they  made  a  second 
invasion,  but  he  conquered  them  again  and,  in  conse- 
quence, enjoyed  a  triumph,  being  then  in  his  eightieth 
year.  A  third  army  of  Celts  moved  into  Italy,  whom 
likewise,  the  Romans,  under  the  leadership  of  Titus  Quin- 
tius,  destroyed.  Afterwards  the  Boii,  the  most  savage 
of  the  Celtic  tribes,  attacked  the  Romans,  and  Gains  Sul- 
picius,  the  dictator,  marched  with  his  army  against  them 
.  .  .  2 :  Again,  another  force  of  Celts  was  defeated  by 
Popillius,  and  afterwards  Camillus,  son  of  the  Camillus 
just  mentioned,  defeated  the  same  tribe.  Aemilius  Pap- 
pus raised  some  trophies  won  from  the  Celts.  Before 
the  consulship  of  Marius,  a  very  numerous  and  warlike 
horde  of  Celts,  and  very  formidable  because  of  their 


60  CATHOLIC   UNIVERSITY   BULLETIN. 

great  bodily  strength,  invaded  Italy  and  Galatia  and  over- 
came some  of  the  Eoman  consuls  and  cut  their  armies  to 
pieces.  Marius  was  sent  against  them  and  destroyed  them 
all  .  .  .  Before  Marius,  Fabius  Maximus  Aemilianus, 
with  a  very  small  army,  waged  war  upon  the  Celts  and 
killed  120,000  of  them  in  one  battle,  losing  only  15  of  his 
own  men.  ...  c.  2 :  In  the  ninety-seventh  Olympiad  of 
the  Greeks,  since  the  territory  of  the  Celts  did  not  suffice 
for  their  multitude,  a  considerable  number  of  them  who 
lived  along  the  Rhine  moved  off  in  search  of  new  land. 
They  crossed  the  Alps  and  fell  upon  the  land  of  Clusium 
which  is  a  fertile  part  of  Etruria.  .  .  .  The  Romans 
sent  along  with  the  ambassadors  of  Clusium  the  three 
Fabii  who  were  to  order  the  Celts  to  withdraw  from  the 
country  that  was  in  alliance  with  Rome,  and  to  threaten 
them  if  they  did  not  obey.  The  Celts  replied  that  they 
feared  no  man  whether  in  threat  or  in  war,  that  they 
were  in  need  of  land  and  had  not  yet  meddled  in  the  af- 
fairs of  the  Romans.  The  ambassadors,  the  Fabii,  urged 
the  inhabitants  of  Clusium  to  attack  the  Celts  while  they 
were  off  their  guard  plundering  the  country.  They  (the 
Romans)  combined  with  them  and  killed  a  great  num- 
ber of  the  Celts  in  the  foray.  3:  After  the  Fabii,  the 
Roman  envoys,  had  slain  many  Celts,  Brennus,  king  of 
the  Celts,  ( ==Livy,  V,  38,  3 :  Brennus,  king  of  the  Gauls, 
and  Plutarch,  Camillus,  17:  Brennus,  king  of  the  Galates) 
although  he  had  not  received  the  Roman  ambassadors, 
nevertheless,  for  the  purpose  of  frightening  them,  selected 
as  his  envoys  to  the  Romans  certain  Celts  who  exceeded 
their  comrades  in  stature  as  much  as  their  people  ex- 
ceeded all  other  peoples ;  these  he  sent  to  Rome  to  accuse 
the  Fabii,  while  serving  as  ambassadors,  of  having  made 
war  on  them  contrary  to  the  law  of  nations.  He  de- 
manded that  they  be  delivered  up  to  him  for  punishment, 
unless  the  Romans  wished  to  make  the  offence  their  own. 
The  Romans  admitted  that  the  Fabii  had  done  wrong,  but, 
because  of  the  respect  which  they  enjoyed  at  home,  they 
urged  the  Celts  to  accept  a  pecuniary  compensation  from 
them.    As  they  did  not  agree  to  this,  the  Romans  elected 


THE   WORD   CELT.  61 

the  Fabii  to  office  for  that  year,  and  told  the  ambassadors 
of  the  Celts  that  they  could  not  do  any  tliin.G:  to  the  Fabii 
now  that  they  are  military  tribunes.  They  told  them  to 
return  the  next  year  if  they  were  still  wroth  against 
them.  Brennus  and  the  Celts  under  him  took  this  as  an 
insult  and  were  sorely  offended,  and  they  sent  around 
to  the  other  Celts  asking  them  to  join  with  them  in  the 
war.  A  large  number  collected  at  the  summons  and 
marched  on  to  Rome.  6:  When  the  Celts  found  that 
there  was  no  way  by  which  to  scale  the  Capitol  they  re- 
mained quiet  in  their  place  in  order  to  bring  the  defend- 
ers to  terms  by  famine.  7:  The  Celts  took  their  fill  of 
wine  and  other  luxuries,  being  intemperate  by  nature 
and  accustomed  to  inhabit  a  land  that  produced  only  cere- 
als and  no  other  fruits.  Their  huge  bodies  were  weak- 
ened and  became  distended  and  flabby  with  soft  flesh 
by  reason  of  excessive  eating  and  drinking.  They 
came  to  be  quite  incapable  of  running  or  toil  so  that  when 
any  exertion  was  required  of  them  they  soon  broke  down 
because  of  perspiration  and  shortness  of  breath.  9 :  But 
the  Celts,  being  worn  out  and  coming  into  contact  with 
fresh  opponents,  fled  in  disorder.  10 :  The  Celt,  in  a  rage 
and  exhausted  from  loss  of  blood,  pursued  Valerius, 
trying  to  throw  him.  But  Valerius  always  escaped  just 
in  front  of  him  and  the  Celt  fled  headlong.  The  Romans 
boasted  highly  of  this  second  single  combat  with  the 
Celts.  11:  Britomaris  the  Celt.  15:  Two  nations,  the 
Tigurini  and  the  Helvetii,  made  an  incursion  into  the 
Roman  province  of  Celtica.  Sicil.,  2,  3 :  When  this  war 
was  over,  the  Celts  demanded  of  the  Carthaginians  the 
pay  due  to  them  for  their  services  in  Sicily,  together  with 
the  bounties  which  Ilamilcar  had  promised  to  give  them. 
Hispan.,1 :  The  Pyrenees  extend  from  the  Tyrrhenian  sea 
to  the  northern  ocean.  The  eastern  part  is  inhabited  by 
the  Celts,  who  are  also  called  Galates  and,  more  recently, 
Gauls.  Toward  the  west  dwell  the  Iberians  and  the  Cel- 
TiBERiANS.  2:  It  is  uot  very  important  for  me  who  am 
writing  merely  Roman  history  to  enquire  who  were  the 
first  inhabitants  of  Iberia,  and  who  came  after  them.    It 


(32  CATHOLIC    UNIVERSITY   BULLETIN. 

seems,  however,  that  the  Celts  crossed  the  Pyrenees  at 
some  former  time  and  mingled  with  the  natives,  and  that 
the  name  Celtiberian  arose  in  that  way.  4 :  When  Ham- 
ilcar,  siirnamed  Barca,  was  in  command  of  the  Cartha- 
ginians in  Sicily  he  promised  large  prizes  to  the  Celts 
who  were  at  that  time  in  his  pay  and  to  the  Libyans 
who  were  allied  with  him,  which,  when  he  returned  to 
Libya,  they  demanded,  and  in  this  way  the  Libyan  war 
was  kindled.  37 :  Mago,  the  admiral,  giving  np  all  hope 
of  success  in  Iberia,  sailed  to  the  country  of  the  Ligurians 
and  the  Celts  to  levy  mercenaries.  39:  Later,  when  tlio 
Romans  were  at  war  with  the  Celts  along  the  Po  and  with 
Philip  of  Macedon,  the  Iberians  took  advantage  of  their 
occupation  and  made  another  attempt  at  a  revolution. 
Hannibal,  4:  Hannibal  crossed  the  Pyrenees  into  Cel- 
tica,  which  is  now  called  Galatia.  5 :  He  attacked  Taur- 
asia  a  Celtic  city  and  took  it  by  storm.  He  put  the 
prisoners  to  death  in  order  to  strike  terror  into  the  rest 
of  Celtica.  Then,  marching  to  the  river  Eridanus,  now 
called  the  Po,  where  the  Romans  were  engaged  in  war 
with  the  tribe  of  Celts  called  Boii,  he  encamped.  6 :  Han- 
nibal crossed  the  Po  on  bridges  which  he  had  built,  and 
these  exploits,  following  upon  his  passage  of  the  Alps, 
raised  his  fame  among  the  farther  Celts  as  an  invincible 
general  and  one  most  highly  favored  by  fortune  .  .  .  and 
when  the  Celts  saw  him  passing  among  their  bands,  now 
in  the  form  of  a  youth,  now  of  an  old  or  middle-aged  man, 
they  were  astonished  and  believed  that  ho  possessed  a 
divine  nature.  8:  A  part  of  the  Apennines,  near  the 
Ionian  promontory,  is  occupied  by  Greeks,  the  rest  by 
Celts  who  in  former  times  had  attacked  Rome  and  burned 
the  city,  etc.  10:  He  gave  the  booty  to  the  Celts  who 
were  in  his  army  to  conciliate  them  by  hope  of  gain,  and 
then  marched  forward.  12 :  He  encouraged  the  Celts  who 
were  still  friendly.  52:  Hasdrubal  was  received  in  a 
friendly  way  by  the  Celts.  54 :  Nor  did  Mago,  who  was 
levying  mercenaries  among  the  Celts,  send  him  any  aid. 
Pun.,  5 :  But  the  Libyans  who  were  subject  to  the  Cartha- 
ginians and  had  taken  part  with  him  in  the  war  in  Sicily, 


THE    WORD   CELT.  63 

and  the  Celts  who  had  served  as  mercenaries  and  had 
certain  grievances  against  the  Carthaginians  because 
their  pay  had  been  withheld  and  that  promises  had  not 
been  kept,  made  war  on  the  Carthaginians  in  a  very  for- 
midable manner.  17 :  While  Mago  was  enlisting  Ligurians 
and  Celts  to  attack  her  (Italy)  on  the  flank.  17 :  Some  of 
the  Celtic  and  Ligurian  mercenaries  arrived.  40:  The 
third  part  of  the  army  was  composed  of  Celts  and 
Ligurians.  44 :  The  Celts  and  Ligurians  who  were  on  the 
enemy's  side  .  .  .  Hannibal  rode  away  to  the  assistance 
of  the  Ligurians  and  Celts.  46 :  Seeing  that  the  Iberians 
and  Celts  had  come  together.  47 :  Hannibal  returned  ac- 
companied by  the  Iberians  Jind  Celts  from  the  hill.  49: 
Mago,  who  w;as  still  collecting  mercenaries  among  the 
Celts.  54 :  You  shall  no  longer  collect  mercenaries  from 
the  Celts  and  Ligurians.  59 :  Mago,  who  is  leading  many 
other  bands  of  Celts  and  Ligurians.  Ilhjr.,  2 :  It  is  said 
that  the  Cj^clops  Polyphemus  and  Galatea  had  three  sons, 
Celtus,  Illyrius  and  Galas  all  of  whom  set  out  from  Sicily 
and  that  from  them  the  nations  called  Celts, Illy rians  and 
Galates  took  their  origin.  4:  (The  Autarienses)  joined 
with  Molistomus  and  with  the  Celtic  peoples  called  Cim- 
bri  and  marched  on  Delphi,  but  the  greater  part  of  them* 
were  soon  destroyed  just  before  the  attack  .  .  .  The  god 
shook  the  land  of  the  Celts  with  an  earthquake  and  de- 
stroyed their  cities,  nor  did  the  calamity  cease  until  the 
inhabitants,  abandoning  their  abodes,  made  an  incursion 
among  the  Illyrians  who  were  equally  guilty  with  them- 
selves and  were  weakened  by  pestilence.  Their  lands 
were  plundered  and  the  invaders,  contracting  the  plague, 
fled  and  laid  waste  all  the  way  to  the  Pyrenees.  As  they 
were  turning  back  towards  the  east,  the  Romans,  mindful 
of  their  former  encounters  with  the  Celts,  and  fearing 
lest  these  too  should  cross  the  Alps  and  invadeltaly,  set  out 
with  both  consuls  but  were  defeated  with  their  entire  army. 
This  defeat  of  the  Romans  brought  great  fear  of  the 
Celts  to  all  Italy  until  the  Romans  elected  Gains  Marius  to 
lead  their  army.  He  had  just  overcame  by  force  the  Nu- 
midians  and  the  Mauritanians  of  the  Libyans,  and  as  I 


64  CATHOLIC   UNIVERSITY  BULLETIN. 

have  related  when  speaking  of  the  Celts, had  defeated  the 
Cimbri  several  times  with  great  slaughter.  By  this  time 
the  Celts,  being  reduced  to  such  weakness  that  they  were 
excluded  from  every  land,  turned  back  home  inflicting 
and  suffering  many  hardships  on  the  way.  5 :  Such  was 
the  punishment  which  the  god  inflicted  upon  the  Illyrians 
and  the  Celts  for  their  impiety.  But,  again,  certain  Illy- 
rian  tribes,  especially  the  Scordisci,  the  Maedi  and  the 
Dardani,  along  with  the  Celts  overran  Macedonia  and 
Greece  at  the  same  time  and  pillaged  many  temples,  in- 
cluding that  of  Delphi,  although  they  suffered  great  losses 
that  time  also.  It  was  then  thirty-two  years  since  the 
Romans  had  had  their  first  encounter  with  the  Celts. 
.  .  .  8 :  The  Romans  being  engaged  in  a  three  years '  war 
with  the  Celts  along  the  river  Po.  12 :  While  Caesar  was 
in  command  of  the  Celts.  15 :  It  is  a  wonder  to  me  that  so 
many  great  Roman  armies  should  have  crossed  the  Alps 
to  descend  among  the  Celts  and  Iberians  and  should  have 
overlooked  these  (Illyrian)  tribes,  and  that  even  Julius 
Caesar,  who  was  such  a  successful  general,  did  not  de- 
stroy them  in  the  ten  years  he  was  at  war  with  the  Celts 
and  wintering  in  that  very  country.  It  seems,  however, 
that  the  Romans  were  intent  only  on  crossing  the  Alps 
and  accomplishing  what  they  had  set  out  to  do,  and  Gains 
seems  to  have  deferred  putting  an  end  to  the  Illyrians 
both  because  he  was  busy  with  the  Celtic  difficulties  and 
because  of  his  strife  with  Pompey  which  stopped  the  Cel- 
tic war.  It  appears  that  he  was  appointed  ruler  of  Illyria 
as  well  as  of  the  Celts — not  of  all  Illyria,  but  of  as  much 
of  it  as  was  then  under  Roman  control.  29 :  I  think  that 
the  Rhaetians  and  the  Noricans  were  subdued  by  Gains 
Caesar  when  he  was  at  war  with  the  Celts.  Mithr.,  95 : 
(He  assigned)  Marcus  Pomponius  to  the  territory  around 
the  Ligurian  and  Celtic  seas.  109:  He  (Mithradates) 
planned  to  go  to  the  Celts,  whose  friendship  he  had  for  a 
long  time  cultivated  for  this  reason,  and  with  them  to 
invade  Italy  .  .  .  Having  formed  this  plan,  he  was  eager 
to  hasten  to  the  Celts.  Ill :  Then,  seeing  Bituitus  a  leader 


THE   WORD   CELT.  65 

of  the  Celts.  112:  lie  formed  alliances  with  the  Sam- 
nites  and  the  Celts.  119:  He  established  friendly  rela- 
tions with  the  Celts  with  a  view  to  the  invasion  of  Italy. 
Bell.  Civ.,  I,  29:  Apiilcins  brought  forward  a  law  to  divide 
the  territory  which  the  Cimbri,  a  tribe  of  Celts  lately 
driven  out  by  Marius,  had  taken  possession  of  in  the  coun- 
try which  the  Romans  call  Galatia  and  which  was  re- 
garded as  no  longer  belonging  to  Galates  but  to  the 
Romans.  109:  The  Rhone  flows  through  the  country  of 
the  Transalpine  Celts  and  empties  into  the  Tyrrhenian 
sea.  117:  Wliile  Spartacus  was  endeavoring  to  hurry 
across  the  Apennines  to  the  Alps  and  thence  to  the  Celts, 
one  of  the  consuls  anticipated  him  and  checked  his  flight 
while  the  other  drove  him  on.  2, 17 :  Meanwhile,  Caesar, 
who  had  accomplished  among  the  Celts  and  Britons  the 
many  brilliant  exploits  which  I  have  told  of  when  speakmg 
of  the  Celts,  had  come  with  vast  riches  to  that  part  of 
Galatia  which  borders  on  Italy  about  the  river  Po.  32 : 
Caesar  had  just  crossed  the  sea  from  Britain  and,  setting 
out  from  the  country  of  the  Celts  who  live  along  the 
Rhine,  he  passed  the  Alps  with  5,000  foot  and  300  horse 
and  arrived  at  Ravenna.  41 :  Caesar  took  away  some  of 
the  money  which  was  said  to  have  been  deposited  in  early 
times  because  of  the  Celts,  with  a  public  curse  upon  who- 
ever would  remove  it  except  in  case  of  a  Celtic  uprising. 
He  said  that  by  getting  complete  power  over  the  Celts  he 
had  released  the  city  from  the  curse.  49 :  At  that  time, 
Caesar  had  ten  infantry  legions  and  10,000  Celtic  horse 

.  .  .  Some  Celtic  cavalry  and  others  from  Galatia  in  the 
east.  50 :  Our  own  forefathers  abandoned  their  city  when 
the  Celts  invaded  it,  and  Camillus  hastened  from  Ardea 
and  saved  it.  73 :  (Caesar  addresses  his  soldiers)  We  who 
have  added  four  hundred  nations  of  the  Iberians,  the 
Celts  and  the  Britons  to  our  country.     134:  Will  they 

(Caesar's  soldiers)  consider  the  rewards  of  their  vic- 
tories over  the  Celts  and  the  Britons  secure  when  he  who 
gave  them  is  outraged?  140:  (Brutus  speaks)  The  peo- 
ple gave  you  to  Caesar  to  conquer  the  Celts  and  Britons, 
and  you  should  be  honored  and  rewarded  for  your  brave 


QQ  CATHOLIC   UNIVERSITY   BULLETIN. 

deeds  .  .  .  but,  since  neither  envy  nor  time  nor  the  for- 
getfulness  of  man  can  extinguish  the  fame  of  your  valor 
against  the  Celts  and  Britons,  you  should  have  the  re- 
wards due  to  it.  141:  They  distributed  among  you  the 
property  of  your  own  people  who  had  enrolled  you  in 
Caesar's  army  and  had  sent  you  forth  to  fight  the  Celts 
and  given  thanks  at  your  festival  of  victory.  150:  He 
(Caesar)  fought  thirty  pitched  battles  in  the  country  of 
the  Celts  alone,  until  he  had  subdued  four  hundred  na- 
tions which,  up  to  that  time,  had  caused  such  fear  to  the 
Eomans  that,  in  the  law  which  exempted  priests  and  old 
men  from  military  service,  it  was  written :  ' '  except  in  case 
of  a  Celtic  invasion"  .  .  .  And  then  they  (Caesar's 
troops)  were  badly  beaten  by  the  Celts,  when  his  great 
defeat  took  place  under  his  generals  Cotta  and  Titurius. 
Ill,  2 :  They  had  gone  to  their  prefectures,  Decimus  Bru- 
tus to  Celtica  which  borders  on  Italy  ...  27 :  (Anthony 
asked  for)  Cisalpine  Celtica  which  was  under  the  com- 
mand of  Decimus  Brutus  Albinus,  remembering  that  it 
was  from  that  Celtica  that  Caesar  had  set  out  when  he 
conquered  Pompey,  and  he  thought  it  would  seem  as  if  he 
was  calling  his  own  army  back  to  Celtica  and  not  to  Italy. 
But  the  Senate,  considering  that  part  of  Celtica  as  its 
own  stronghold,  ...  So  he  planned  to  ask  the  people,  in- 
stead of  the  Senate,  for  the  province  of  Celtica  by  a  law. 
29:  Now,  Antony,  needing  also  the  favor  of  Caesar  {i.  e. 
Octavianus)  himself  to  procure  through  the  people  the  ex- 
change of  Celtica.  30 :  The  law  concerning  Celtica  was 
at  once  proposed.  .  .  .  But,  there  were  some  who  held 
that  that  province  should  be  made  free  in  every  respect 
for  they  had  great  fear  because  of  the  nearness  of  Cel- 
tica. 31 :  The  law  concerning  Celtica.  37 :  As  I  know  that 
he  (Decimus Brutus)  was  more  daring  than  the  rest, I  took 
Celtica  from  him  and,  for  the  appearance  of  the  Senate, 
I  promised  to  give  him  Macedonia  in  exchange  when 
it  would  lose  its  army.  38 :  What  a  strife  there  is  to  take 
Celtica  from  me,  which  has  already  been  given  to  me. 
...  To  have  a  change  made  in  the  law  concerning  Cel- 
tica.    43 :  Antony  would  lead  the  army  to  the  province 


THE   WORD   CELT.  67 

assigned  him,  namely  to  prosperous  Celtica.    45 :  Since 
Decimus  had  refused  to  surrender  Celtica.     46:  Thus 
he   (Antony)   was  conducted  in  splendor  to  Ariminum 
which   is    at   the   frontier    of    Celtica.  .  .  .  Plancus    in 
the  rest  of  Celtica  had  three  legions.    49:  Antony  or- 
dered Decimus,  who  was  in  Celtica,  to  pass  over  to  Ma- 
cedonia.   50:  He  (Antony)  had  overpowered  Celtica  by 
force  of  arms  contrary  to  the  wishes  of  the  Senate,  and 
made  it  a  stronghold  against  the  country.    57 :  They  knew 
that  the  people  had  given  him   (Antony)    Celtica.  .  .  . 
Nevertheless,  they  voted  commending  Decimus  for  not 
yielding  Celtica  to  Antony.  ...  He  (Antony)  marched 
upon  Celtica.  ...  He    turned   his    course   to    Celtica. 
53 :  To  remain  in  Celtica.     55 :  We  did  not  vote  the  com- 
mand  of    Celtica   to    Antony.  .  .  .  Into    Celtica.      59: 
Whether,   as    a   matter   of   policy   or   for   the   sake   of 
the  people,  we  should  permit  Antony  to  hold  Celtica. 
60:    Antony    accepted    Celtica   from    the    people.      61: 
He    (Piso)   was  not  able  to  secure  for  him   (Antony) 
the   command  of  Celtica.    .    .    .    They  voted  to   order 
that   Antony  be   given   Macedonia  instead   of   Celtica. 
Antony    shall    relinquish    Celtica    to    Decimus, 
and,  on  a  certain  day,  shall  retire  to  the  hither   side 
of   the   River   Rubicon,   which  forms   the  boundary   of 
Italy  and  Celtica,  and  shall  refer  himself  in  all  mat- 
ters* to  the  judgment  of  the  Senate.     62:  He   (Cicero) 
favors  a  man  (Decimus)  who  took  Celtica  after  C;iesar's 
death  without  anyone's  permission,  and  makes  war  on 
one  (Antony)  who  took  it  by  the  authority  of  the  peo- 
ple. .  .  .  And  if  I  withdraw  from  Celtica,  then  i  am 
neither  an  enemy  nor  a  monarch.    63:  The  people  gave 
me   (Antony)   Celtica  according  to  law.     64:  The  ap- 
pointment of  Decimus  to  the  province  of  Celtica  had  been 
confirmed  ...  70:  He  (Hirtius)  pitched  his  camp  with- 
out palisades  in  a  village  near  the  plain,  called  "Celts' 
Market-place. "     73 :  He  read  aloud  the  letters  of  the  Sen- 
ate giving  him  command  of  Celtica.     74-  Thanksgivmg 
festivals  of  fifty  davs  were  decreed  for  the  victory  over 
Antony,— a  greater  number  than  th-  Romans  had  ever 


68  CATHOLIC   UNIVERSITY  BULLETIN. 

voted,  even  after  the  victory  over  the  Celts  or  any  other 
victory.  88 :  Having  crossed  the  river  Rubicon  from  Cel- 
TiCA  into  Italy.  97:  Except  the  body-guard  of  Celtic 
cavalry  .  .  .  He  (Decimus)  changed  his  clothing  for 
the  Celtic  dress,  and,  as  he  was  acquainted  with  the  lan- 
guage, escaped  with  the  rest  just  as  any  Celt.  ...  98: 
Having  been  captured  by  robbers  and  bound,  he  enquired 
who  was  leader  of  this  tribe  of  Celts.  Learning-  uiat 
it  was  Camillus,  for  whom  he  had  done  many  kindnesses, 
he  asked  them  to  lead  him  to  Camillus  .  .  .  Decimus, 
who  had  governed  Old  ("  Farther,"  Schweighauser)  Cel- 
tica  under  him  (Coesar)  and  had  been  appointed  by  him 
to  the  consulship  for  the  next  year  and  to  the  governor- 
ship of  the  rest  of  Celtica.  IV,  1 :  Trebonius  in  Asia  and 
Decimus  in  Celtica.  2 :  Antony  was  to  have  all  Celtica 
except  the  borderland  of  the  Pyrenees,  which  was  called 
Old  Celtica;  of  this,  together  with  Iberia,  Lepidus  was  in 
command.  9 :  The  great  work  which  we  (Lepidus,  Antony 
and  Octavianus)  have  accomplished  and  have  under  con- 
trol in  Iberia  and  Celtica  and  at  home; .one  thing,  how- 
ever, remains  for  us  to  do,  to  go  after  Cesar's  mur- 
derers beyond  the  sea.  33 :  Let  war  come  then,  with  the 
Celts  or  Parthians.  38:  He  (Messalla)  was  in  command 
of  a  fleet  at  Actium  against  Antony,  and  Octavianus  sent 
him  as  a  general  against  the  Celts  who  had  revolted,  and, 
when  he  had  conquered  them,  granted  him  a  triumph,  58 : 
AVhile  Antony  was  besieging  (Brutus)  in  the  country  of 
the  Celts.  88:  Brutus  had  4,000  Celtic  and  Lusitanian 
horsemen,  Thracians  and  Illyrians,  and  2,000  Parthians 
and  Thessalians;  Cassius  had  2,000  Iberians  and  Celts 
.  .  .  The  kings  and  tetrarchs  of  the  Galatians  in  Asia 
followed  him  as  allies.  95 :  It  is  said  that  the  city  (Rome) 
was  once  taken  by  the  Celts,  the  wildest  kind  of  barbar- 
ians, but  it  has  never  been  said  of  them  that  they  cut  off 
the  head  of  anyone,  neither  did  they  insult  the  dead  nor 
begrudge  their  enemies  to  escape.  V.  3:  It  was  decreed 
with  the  consent  of  C£esar  (Octavianus)  and  carrying  out 
the  intention  of  the  elder  Caesar  that  the  Celts  on  the 
hither  side  of  the  Alps   should  be  independent.     22: 


THE  WORD   CELT.  69 

For  Celtica  (i.  e.  Gallia)  which  had  first  been  given  to 
Antony  is  now  set  free  because  of  his  great  deceit.  31 : 
Lucius  opposed  Salvidienus  who  was  returning-  to  Ctrsar 
(Octavianus)  with  a  large  army  from  the  land  of  the 
Celts.  33:  Fulvia  urged  Ventidius,  Asinius,  Ateius  and 
Calenus  to  go  from  Celtica  to  the  aid  of  Lucius.  51: 
Ca?sar  went  and  got  control  of  the  army  and  of  Celtica 
and  Iberia  besides,  which  were  in  Antony's  command. 
Fufius,  the  son  of  Calenus,  was  terrified  and  surrendered 
himself  and  everything  to  him  without  resistance.  53: 
AVhen  C:T?sar  returned  to  Rome  from  Celtica.  75 :  Ciesar 
set  out  for  Celtica  which  was  in  a  state  of  disorder.  78 : 
He  sent  around  rajoidly  an  army  and  other  equipment 
from  Celtica  to  Brundisium  and  Puteoli.  92 :  "While  he 
(Octavianus)  was  thus  dejected,  the  news  reached  him 
that  Antony  had  agreed  to  the  alliance  and  that  a  splendid 
victory  had  been  gained  by  the  commander  Agrippa  over 
the  Aquitanians,  a  tribe  of  Celts.  117 :  Some  of  his  sol- 
diers held  a  Celtic  shield  over  his  (Octavius')  head  the 
whole  night. 

Maximus  of  Tyre,  Dissertations,  VIII,  8  p.  30:  The  Celts 
(meaning  the  Germans)  worship  Jupiter,  but  the  Celtic 
statue  of  the  god  is  a  tall  oak.  [Likewise,  in  Dio  and 
Lihanius  the  Franks  are  regarded  as  a  Celtic  people: 

Libanius,  Oratio  III:  There  is  a  Celtic  people  beyond  the 
Rhine  who  extend  even  to  the  ocean  and  they  are  so  well 
fortified  by  nature  for  works  of  war  that  they  have  been 
given  a  name  from  their  deeds  and  are  called  ^paKToi 
C  hedged  in,  protected  "),  but  many  call  them  Franci. 
Compare  also, 

Claudian,  Praise  of  Stiliclio,  I-,  228-231 :  So  that,  far  away 
through  the  wilds  of  the  IIerc\Tiian  Forest,  the  hunter 
roams  without  fear,  and  the  groves,  grim  with  the  ancient 
superstition,  and  the  oaks  which  stood  for  barbarian  gods 
are  felled  with  impunity  with  our  axes.] 

Apuleius,  De  Mondo,  c.  7:  The  two  Britains,  Albion  and 
Hibernia,  are  situated  on  the  boundaries  of  the  Celts. 

Polynaeus,  Stratagems  of  War,  VII,  42:  The  Celts  were  en- 
gaged in  a  long  war  with  the  Autariatae  and  having  poi- 


70  CATHOLIC    UNIVERSITY    BULLETIN. 

soned  their  food  and  wine  with  noxious  herbs  the  Celts 
left  them  behind  in  the  tents  and  fled  during  the  night. 
Then  the  Autariatae,  concluding  that  they  had  retreated 
out  of  fear  of  them,  took  possession  of  the  camp  and 
gorged  themselves  with  the  wine  and  food  so  that  pres- 
ently they  fell  sick  with  violent  cholics  and  the  Celts  com- 
ing up  slew  them  as  they  lay  there.    {Cf.  below,  sub 
Athenaeus,  Theoponipus,  fr.  41,  FHG  1  p.  284.)  50:  {sicb 
Celtic  Women)  An  intestine  discord  broke  out  among  the 
Celts  and  the  two  sides  had  already  armed  themselves 
against  each  other,  when  the  women  taking  a  place  be- 
tween the  two  armies  judged  of  the  dispute  and  settled 
the  difficulty  so  amicably  that  the  men  became  friends 
and  were  reconciled  throughout  their  towns  and  villages. 
Ever  afterwards,  when  the  Celts  held  deliberation  of  war 
or  peace  or  concerning  matters  that  pertamed  to  the  dif- 
ferent tribes  or  their  allies,  the  question  was  decided  by 
their  wives.    Even  in  the  treaties  which  they  made  with 
Hannibal  it  was  specified  that  if  the  Celts  should  have 
any  charge  to  bring  against  the  Carthaginians,  the  com- 
manders and  generals  of  the  Carthaginians  should  be  the 
judges,  but,  if  the  Carthaginians  should  urge  any  charge 
against  the  Celts,  the  dispute  should  be  referred  to  the 
wives  of  the  Celts  (Cf.  above  Plutarch,  The  Virtues  of 
Women,  p.  246  B-D).  VIII,  7,^2  {anno  3G7) :  The  Celts 
under  the  leadership  of  their  king  Brennus  took  Rome  by 
assault  and  kept  possession  of  it  for  seven  months.  Camil- 
lus  gathered  together  the  Eomans  who  were  .outside  the 
city,  drove  out  the  Celts  and  recovered  the  city.    Thirteen 
years  later,  the  Celts  again  mustered  up  courage  to  at- 
tack the  city  and  encamped  near  the  river  Anio,  a  short 
distance  from  the  city.    Camiilus   .    .    .   took  command  of 
the  army  and  ordered  that  helmets  all  iron  and  smooth 
be  forged  to  stand  the  broadswords  of  the  Celts  with 
which  they  were  wont  to  strike  from  above  and  cut  down, 
so  that  their  swords  would  glide  off  and  be  broken;  and 
he  ordered  that  their  shields  be  bound  with  a  thin  rim  of 
bronze,  since  the  wood  would  not  stand  the  strokes.     Be- 
sides, he  taught  the  soldiers  how  to  use  the  long  spear  at 


THE   WORD   CELT.  71 

close  quarters  and  to  intercept  with  their  swords  the 
blows  of  the  enemy.  Thus,  the  steel  of  the  Celts,  being 
soft  and  ill-tem})ered,  was  soon  turned  and  their  swords 
bent  double  and  made  useless  in  the  fight,  so  that  they 
were  easily  overcome  and  most  of  them  fell,  the  rest  saved 
themselves  by  flight  (From  Plutarch's  Camillus,  40).  25, 
1 :  AVhen  the  Celts  had  taken  possession  of  Rome,  the 
Romans  concluded  a  treaty  with  them  by  which  the 
Romans  bound  themselves  to  paj^  tribute,  leave  a  gate 
of  the  city  open  at  all  times  and  give  them  cultivated  land. 
Thereupon,  the  Celts  pitched  their  camp  and  the  Romans 
treated  them  as  friends,  sending  them  a  variety  of  pre- 
sents and  large  quantities  of  wine,  in  which  the  bar- 
barians indulged  so  freely,  as  the  Celts  are  by  nature 
immoderately  fond  of  intoxicating  drink,  that  they  were 
overcome  by  it  and  the  Romans  fell  upon  them  and  slew 
them  all. 
Pausanias,  I,  4,  1 :  Of  late,  the  name  Galates  has  prevailed  for 
them.  For  formerly  they  called  themselves  and  were 
also  called  by  others  Celts.  9,  5 :  AVith  the  exception  of 
the  country  of  the  Celts,  no  country  is  to  be  compared 
in  population  with  the  whole  of  Thrace.  .  .  .  All 
Thrace  is  subject  to  the  rule  of  the  Romans,  but,  of  the 
land  of  the  Celts,  only  so  much  is  in  their  control  as  they 
judge  worth  holding.  Those  parts  they  possess,  but  they 
have  overlooked  those  that  they  suppose  worthless,  either 
because  of  the  excessive  cold  or  the  barrenness  of  the 
soil.  30,  3 :  Those  Ligurians  who  live  beyond  the  Erida- 
nus  in  the  Celtic  territory.  33,  4:  The  Iberians  and 
Celts  do  not  dwell  near  the  river  of  the  ocean,  but  near 
the  most  distant  sea  that  men  can  sail,  where  lies  the 
island  of  the  Britons.  35,  5:  I  am  not  sur])i'ised  at  the 
magnitude  of  the  Celts  who  are  the  farthest  inhabit- 
ants of  those  lands  that  are  almost  deserts  because  of 
the  extreme  cold.  They  are  called  Cavares  and  they 
do  not  differ  at  all  in  size  from  the  corpses  which  one 
sees  in  Egypt.  VIII,  50,  1 :  More  oblong  shields  like  the 
long,  large  Celtic  shields.  X,  19,  5:  The  Celts  made 
their  first  expedition  beyond  their  own  frontiers  under 


72  CATHOLIC    UNIVERSITY   BULLETIN. 

the  leadership  of  Camhaules.  They  marched  as  far 
as  Thrace  but  did  not  dare  continue  their  journey  be- 
cause they  were  aware  that  they  were  but  few  and  no 
match  for  the  forces  of  the  Greeks.  5  fl. :  But,  when  they 
decided  to  make  war  again  in  foreign  lands,  they  were 
urged  on  especially  by  those  who  had  taken  part  before 
with  Cambaules  and  having  had  a  taste  of  the  pleasures 
of  a  robber's  life,  were  incited  by  a  desire  for  plunder  and 
depredation.  A  large  force  of  foot-soldiers  was  got  to-* 
gether  and  an  equally  numerous  body  of  horse.  Then 
their  leaders  divided  the  army  into  three  parts  and  each 
division  was  ordered  to  march  into  a  different  country. 
7 :  But,  as  the  Celts  had  not  then  the  courage  to  proceed 
into  Greece,  their  second  army  likewise  returned  home. 
11:  This  mode  of  fighting  they  call  in  their  native  lan- 
guage trimarcisias,  for  it  is  to  be  remarked  that  the  word 
for  horse  in  the  language  of  the  Celts  is  markas.  20,  7 : 
For,  the  Celts  are,  besides,  far  taller  than  other  men. 
21,  1:  He  (Brennus)  employed  no  Grecian  prophet  nor 
did  he  perform  any  of  the  sacred  ceremonies  of  his  own 
country,  if,  indeed,  there  is  such  a  thing  as  a  Celtic  form 
of  divination.  4:  But,  as  the  Celts  were  far  more  ex- 
hausted than  the  Greeks  and  were  not  making  much  pro- 
gress in  the  confined  space,  but  were  suffering  twice 
and  four  times  as  much,  their  commanders  gave  the  sig- 
nal to  return  to  camp. 
Aelianus,  On  the  nature  of  Animals,  XII,  33:  In  the  war  that 
the  Celts  carried  on  with  the  Romans  they  drove  away 
the  defenders,  entered  the  city  and  took  possession  of 
Rome  with  the  exception  of  the  Capitolian  Hill,  etc. 
.  .  .  But,  when  the  Celts  found  that  there  was  no  ap- 
proach from  any  side,  they  decided  to  wait  until  the  dead 
of  the  night  when  the  defenders  would  be  sound  asleep 
and  then  attack  them,  for  they  hoped  to  find  an  un- 
guarded passage  where  the  Romans  least  of  all  expected 
the  Galates  to  attack  them.  XIII,  16:  I  hav<?  been  toli 
that  the  Celts  and  the  Marseillais  catch  the  tunny-fish 
with  hooks  that  are  of  iron  and  very  large  and  thick. 
XV,  25:  I  have  been  told  that  the  Celts  likewise  feed 


THE  WORD  CELT.  73 

their  horses  and  cattle  on  fish.  They  say,  too,  that  their 
horses  running  away  from  the  scent  of  man  come  to  the 
southern  parts  of  Europe,  especially  when  the  south  wind 
blows.  Various  Histories,  II,  31:  At  all  events,  no  In- 
dian, Celt  or  Egyptian  ever  had  such  a  conception  (of 
the  existence  of  the  gods)  as  Euhemerus  of  Messina  or 
Diogenes  the  Phrygian  or  Hippon  or  Diagoras  or  Sosias 
or  Epicurus  had.  For,  these  barbarians  maintain  that 
the  gods  exist  and  that  they  watch  over  us  and  that  they 
announce  coming  events  through  birds  and  portents  and 
entrails  and  that  through  various  sciences  and  observa- 
tions men  can  learn  these  things  by  providence  of  the 
gods.  And  they  say  that  in  dreams  and  by  the  stars 
many  things  are  made  clear  beforehand.  And,  because 
they  have  a  firm  belief  in  these  things,  their  worship  is 
sincere  and  they  make  it  a  point  of  religion  to  keep  them- 
selves pure;  they  fulfill  the  rites  and  observe  the  law  of 
their  sacrifices  and  practice  other  things,  from  all  which 
it  will  be  granted  that  they  honor  and  worship  the  gods. 
12,  23 :  I  have  heard  it  said  that  the  Celts  are  the  most 
adventurous  of  all  men.  Even  the  subject  of  their  songs 
is  the  death  of  warriors  who  fell  bravely  in  battle.  They 
advance  to  the  fight  wearing  crowns  and  they  erect  troph- 
ies, by  which  both  to  magnify  their  deeds  and,  in  the 
manner  of  the  Greeks,  to  leave  a  monument  to  their  valor. 
They  consider  it  such  a  disgrace  to  flee  that  they  do  not 
attempt  to  escape  from  falling  walls  or  collapsing  build- 
ings; they  even  permit  themselves  to  be  entrapped  by 
the  fire  in  a  burning  house.  Many  of  them  take  their 
stand  against  the  rising  sea  and  some  even  take  their 
arms  and  attack  the  waves  and  meet  their  rush  with 
broad-swords,  brandishing  their  spears  just  as  if  they 
could  frighten  or  wound  them. 

Pollux,  Onomasticon,  1, 149  (10, 13) :  A  Celtic  sword  {=ensis 
Noricus).     5,  37  (5,  1) :  Celtic  hounds. 

Galen,  Cotmnent.  3  in  Hippocr.,  de  epid.,  Ill,  70.  K.  17.  A, 
726.  Comparing  with  them  infants,  Scythians,  Celts  and 
Germans  who  are  Imown  to  be  of  more  humid,  but  not 
colder  temperament.     De  Temperamentis,  II,  6,  K.  1,  627 : 


74  CATHOLIC  VNivERsrry  bulletin. 

The  Celts,  the  Germans  and  all  the  race  of  Thrace  and 
Scythia  have  cold,  damp  skin  which  is  consequently  soft, 
white  and  hairless.  For,  all  the  natural  heat  of  the  body 
is  discharged  with  the  blood  into  the  inward  parts 
where  it  is  crowded  and  stirred  up  and  where  it  boils, 
and,  consequently,  the  men  are  passionate,  daring  and 
quick  to  anger.  De  Sanitate  tuenda,  5  p.  339 :  The  Kearpov 
which  grows  in  the  country  of  the  Celts. 

Irenaeus,  Against  Heresies,  I  pr.  3:  You  are  not  to  expect 
from  me,  who  am  living  among  the  Celts  (at  Lyons)  and 
accustomed  to  use  most  often  the  barbarous  dialect,  any 
skill  in  diction  which  I  have  never  learned,  nor  faculty  of 
composition  which  I  have  never  practiced,  nor  ornamen- 
tation of  style  and  persuasiveness  of  which  I  am  igno- 
rant. I,  10,  2 :  For,  the  churches  which  have  been  estab- 
lished in  Germany  do  not  believe  nor  hand  down  any 
other  teaching,  nor  do  those  which  have  been  planted 
among  the  Indians,  the  Celts,  in  the  East,  in  Egypt,  in 
Libya  and  in  the  central  parts  of  the  world. 

Lucian,  Apology,  15 :  Yv'hen,  on  your  way  to  see  the  western 
ocean,  you  cross  Celtica  (Gaul),  you  will  come  upon  us 
who  are  reckoned  among  those  sophists  who  are  deserv- 
ing of  receiving  high  pay.  IIoiv  to  write  History,  5:  If 
some  day  there  should  be  another  war,  for  example  of 
the  Celts  against  the  Getae,  or  of  the  Indians  against  the 
Bactrians.  19 :  Such  a  coldness  was  there  that  was  colder 
than  Caspian  snow  or  Celtic  ice.  31 :  The  third  legion 
and  the  Celts  and  a  small  division  of  Moors  under  Cas- 
sius  had  already  crossed  the  Indus.  Alexander,  or  The 
False  Prophet,  27:  When,  then,  the  foolish  Celt  (i.  e. 
Severianus)  had  allowed  himself  to  be  persuaded  and  had 
undertaken  the  expedition,  he  was  destroyed  and  cut  down 
with  his  army  by  Othryades.  51 :  (Alexander  the  prophet) 
often  answered  the  barbarians  in  Syriac  or  Celtic  if 
either  happened  to  be  the  native  language  of  those  con- 
sulting him,  since  it  was  not  always  easy  to  find  persons 
staying  in  the  city  of  the  same  race  as  those  who  might 
ask  him  questions.  The  Eunuch,! :  A  certain  Academician 


TEE   WORD   CELT.  75 

who  was  a  eunuch  from  the  country  of  the  Celts  and  who 
flourished  in  Greece  a  little  before  our  time.  Jupiter  the 
Tragedian,  13:  They  do  not  all  understand  Greek, 
Jupiter,  and  I  am  not  such  a  polyglot  as  to  be  able  to 
make  myself  understood  to  the  Scythians,  Persians, 
Thracians  and  Celts.  Tivice  Accused,  27:  I  journeyed 
with  him  even  to  Celtica  and  I  made  him  rich.  Hercules, 
1 :  The  name  by  which  the  Celts  call  Hercules  in  their 
native  language  is  Ogmios,  but  they  represent  the  god 
in  an  entirely  different  and  monstrous  form.  2 :  I  really 
thought  that  the  Celts  had  given  Hercules  that  form 
maliciously  as  an  insult  to  the  gods  of  the  Greeks,  to 
punish  him  in  the  painting  for  having  once  invaded  their 
land  and  taken  booty  when,  in  his  search  for  Geryon's 
oxen,  he  raided  many  of  the  western  peoples.  4:  But 
a  certain  Celt  standing  by,  not  unacquainted  with  our 
literature  it  seemed  since  he  spoke  excellent  Greek  .  .  . 
(said)  ''We  Celts  do  not  represent  Eloquence  as  Mer- 
cury as  you  Greeks  do,  but  as  Hercules."  7:  The  Celt 
told  me  so  much.  Pseudologista,  II:  For,  the  word  did 
not  properly  belong  to  the  language  of  the  Greeks,  but 
was  brought  in  through  their  intercourse  with  the  Celts, 
the  Thracians  or  the  Scythians. 

Clement  of  Alexandria,  The  Instructor,  II,  2,  p.  186  Pott.: 
the  Scythians,  the  Celts,  the  Iberians  and  the  Thra- 
cians, all  of  them  warlike  nations,  are  above  all  addicted 
to  intoxication  which  they  regard  as  a  good  and  happy 
habit  to  practice.  Ill,  3  p.  267 :  Of  the  nations,  the  Celts 
and  the  Scythians  wear  their  hair  long,  but  they  do  not 
adorn  themselves.  The  flowing  hair  of  the  barbarians 
has  something  fearful  about  it  and  their  reddish  hair 
threatens  war  since  that  hue  resembles  blood.  Both 
these  barbarian  nations  hate  luxury,  as  may  be  shown 
clearly  from  the  case  of  the  Germans  and  the  Rhine,  and 
the  Scythians  and  the  waggon.  4  p.  269 :  There  are  many 
Celts  who  bear  aloft  women's  litters  and  carry  them 
about. 

Athenaeus  IV,  36  p.  15P-152^':  Poseidonius  .  .  .  says  that 
the  Celts  spread  grass  for  their  guests  to  sit  on  and 


76  CATHOLIC   UNIVERSITY   BULLETIN. 

place  before  them  food  on  wooden  tables  raised  a  little 
above  the  ground.  The  food  consists  of  a  few  loaves  of 
bread,  and  a  good  deal  of  meat  in  water  and  cooked  on 
the  coals  or  on  spits.  They  eat  in  a  cleanly  manner 
enough,  but  like  lions,  taking  up  whole  joints  in  both 
hands  and  biting  off  pieces,  and  any  part  that  is  not 
easily  torn  away,  they  cut  it  off  with  a  small  Imife  which 
they  keep  for  the  purpose  in  a  sheath  in  a  separate  box. 
Those  who  live  near  rivers  and  near  the  Mediterranean 
and  the  ocean  eat  fish  also,  roasted  with  salt  and  vinegar 
and  cummin  seed:  they  throw  cummin  seed  also  into 
their  drink.  But  they  use  no  oil  because  of  its  scarcity, 
and  it  is  unpleasant  to  their  taste  because  they  are  not 
used  to  it.  AVhen  many  of  them  dine  together,  they  sit 
in  a  circle,  and  the  most  powerful  sits  in  the  middle  like 
the  leader  of  a  chorus, for  he  excels  the  rest  either  in  mili- 
tary skill,  or  in  birth,  or  in  riches.  Next  him  sits  the 
host  and  so  on  in  order  on  each  side,  according  to  the 
prominence  of  the  rank  of  each  guest.  The  soldiers 
with  their  large  oblong  shields  stand  behind  while  the 
spear-bearers  sit  opposite  in  a  circle  and  fare  the  same 
as  their  masters.  The  drink  is  served  and  passed  around 
in  vases  which  look  like  beakers  and  are  made  either  of 
earthenware  or  of  silver.  Some  have  platters  of  the 
same  material  on  which  the  food  is  served,  but  others 
have  them  of  bronze  and  still  others  have  wooden  or 
plaited  baskets  for  that  purpose.  Among  the  rich  the 
drink  is  wine  which  comes  from  Italy  or  from  the  environs 
of  Marseilles.  This  is  drunk  pure,  but  sometimes  a  little 
water  is  mixed  with  it.  Among  the  lower  classes  the 
drink  is  a  beer  made  of  wheat  prepared  with  honey,  but 
most  drink  it  unmixed;  this  is  called  corma  (the  Modern- 
Irish  corm,  ''  beer,  ale  ").  They  all  drink  out  of  the 
same  cup,  in  small  draughts,  not  more  than  a  wine  glass, 
at  a  time.  This  is  repeated  rather  frequently.  A  boy 
carries  the  liquor  around  first  on  the  right  hand  and 
then  on  the  left.  This  is  the  way  they  are  waited  on,  and 
this  is  the  way  they  worship  their  gods,  always  turning 


THE   WORD   CELT.  77 

towards  the  right  hand.'  37  p.  152*^ ':  Poseidonius  con- 
tinues and  describes  the  riches  of  Lyernius  the  father 
of  Bityis,  who  was  subdued  by  the  Romans.  He  says 
that  he,  aiming  to  curry  favor  with  the  populace,  used 
to  drive  in  a  chariot  over  the  plains,  and  scatter  gold 
and  silver  among  the  thousands  of  Celts  who  followed 
him;  and  that  he  had  a  space  a  mile  and  a  half  square 
fenced  in,  in  which  he  had  vats  filled  with  very  costly 
wines  and  such  an  abundance  of  eatables  that  for  many 
days  any  one  who  wished  might  go  in  and  enjoy  what 
was  provided  and  be  supplied  without  cessation.  And 
once  when  he  had  fixed  upon  a  time  for  a  banquet,  a  cer- 
tain poet  from  the  barbarians  arrived  late  and,  meeting 
him  on  the  wa)'^,  sang  a  hymn  in  praise  of  his  excellen- 
cies, at  the  same  time  lamenting  that  he  had  come  too 
late :  and  Lyernius  was  so  pleased  that  he  asked  for  a  bag 
of  gold  and  threw  it  to  him  as  he  ran  by.  The  poet  picked 
it  up  and  continued  his  song,  saying  that  the  very  prints 
upon  the  earth  over  which  he  passed  brought  riches 
and  benefits  to  men.  These  things  have  been  narrated 
in  the  third  and  in  the  twentieth  books.  40  p.  154^'^: 
In  the  third  and  also  in  the  twentieth  books  of  his  his- 
tories, Poseidonius  says  that  the  Celts  sometimes  have 
single  combats  at  their  banquets.  For  they  come 
together  in  arms  and  spar  and  wrestle,  and  sometimes 
go  so  far  as  to  wound  one  another.  Then  they  are  roused 
to  fight  and,  if  the  bystanders  do  not  restrain  them, 
they  will  even  kill  one  another.  In  olden  times,  he  says, 
the  strongest  man  took  as  his  share  the  hind  quarter 
when  the  porker  was  put  before  them.  If  another  man 
laid  claim  to  it,  they  rose  up  to  fight  to  the  death.  Others 
of  them  in  the  theatre  will  take  silver  or  gold,  and 
some,  even  for  a  few  earthen  jars  of  wine,  will  accept 
a  promise  that  the  gifts  shall  really  be  given.  They 
will  then  distribute  them  among  their  nearest  relatives 
and  will  lie  on  their  shields  and  allow  some  bystander 
to  cut  their  throats  with  a  sword.  VI,  23  p.  233'^ 
Since,   on   the   edges   of   the   inhabited   earth   also    are 


78  CATHOLIC    UNIVERSITY  BULLETIN. 

streams  bearing  down  gold  dust;  and  the  women  and 
the  feeble-bodied  men  scratch  among  the  sands  and 
separate  the  particles  which  they  wash  and  bring  to 
the  melting-pot,  as  my  authority  Poseidonius  says  is 
done  among  the  Helvetians  and  among  certain  other 
tribes  of  Celts.  49  p.  246'^'^ :  Poseidonius  of  Apamea 
says  in  the  twentieth  and  in  the  third  book  of  his 
histories  that  the  Celts,  even  when  they  are  going  to 
war,  take  with  them  certain  companions  whom  they  call 
"parasites."  VIII,  38  p.  347^  (quoting  the  comic  poet 
Ephippus,  fr.  5,  21  vol.  2,  253  K.  about  the  year  332  B. 
C.) :  Put  out  the  fire,  Celt,  and  do  not  burn  them  more. 
X,  60  p.  443''"%  quoting  Theopompus,  The  History  of 
Philip— irg.  41  FHG  I  p.  284  ff) :  (Theopompus  says) 
that  when  the  Celts  went  to  war  v/ith  them  (the 
Ardiaei),  Imowing  their  intemperance,  they  ordered  all 
the  soldiers  to  prepare  as  magnificent  a  feast  as  they 
could  for  them  in  the  tent,  and  to  put  in  the  food  certain 
herbs  which  had  the  power  to  cause  severe  pains  and 
diarrhoea.  When  this  had  been  done  some  of  them  were 
taken  by  the  Celts  and  i:>ut  to  death,  the  others  threw 
themselves  into  the  river,  being  unable  to  endure  the 
pains  in  their  stomachs.  XIT,  79  p.  C03^  (From  Posei- 
donius; cf.  Diodorus,  V,  32,  7)  :  KeXrol  Sk  tmv  ^ap^dpmv 
KaiTOi  KaWiaTa<;  e')(0VTe<i  iyvvaLKa<i  TraiSLKoU  /xaWov  ■)(^aipovatv. 
ft)  TToWaKL'i  ivLOv^  eVl  raU  Sopal'i  fiera  8vo  ipco/Jievoiv  avairav- 
ea\6aL. 
Dio  Cassius,  XXXIX,  49,  1 :  The  Rhine  issues  from  the  Cel- 
tic Alps  a  short  distance  beyond  Rhaetia,  and  flowing 
westward  leaves  Galatia  and  its  inhabitants  on  the  left; 
it  bounds  the  Celts  on  the  right  and  finally  empties  into 
the  ocean.  2:  This  boundary  which  occasioned  the  dif- 
ference in  names  is  observed  even  to  this  day  since,  in 
very  ancient  times,  the  nations  dwelling  on  each  side  of 
the  river  were  called  Celts.  XL,  31  {anno  54  B.  C),  2: 
Ambiorix  summoned  a  force  of  mercenaries  from  the 
Celts.  4 :  Before  the  Celts  came  to  their  aid.  39 :  Ver- 
cingetorix'  defeat  was  due  partly  to  the  Celts  that  were 
allied  wilh  the  Romans;  for  to  their  attacks  with  un- 


THE  WORD   CELT.  79 

wearying  bodies  they  added  the  strength  of  daring  and 
thus  broke  throiigli  the  surrounding  ranks.  XLVII,  48, 
2  {a.  u.  712) :  Some  of  the  Celtic  troops  deserted  from 
them  (Cix?sar  and  Antony)  to  Brutus.  LI,  20,  5  (29  B. 
C.) :  For,  the  Treveri  who  had  brought  in  the  Celts 
(=  Germans)  were  still  under  arms  as  were  also  the 
Cantabri  the  Vaccaei  and  the  Astures.  These  last  were 
subdued  by  Statilius  Taurus,  the  former  by  Nonius  Gal- 
lus.  21,  5:  On  the  first  day,  Cicsar  celebrated  the  vic- 
tories over  the  Pannonians  and  the  Dalmatians,  the 
lapudes  and  their  neighbors  and  some  Celts  and  Gal- 
ates.  For,  Gains  Carinas  had  subdued  the  Morini  and 
some  others  who  had  revolted  with  them  and  had  driven 
back  the  Suevi  who  had  crossed  the  Rhine  prepared  for 
war.  22,6:  (At  the  dedication  of  the  Curia  Julia)  bands 
of  Dacians  and  Suevi  fought  with  each  other.  The  latter 
are  Celts,  the  former  a  kind  of  Scythian  tribe  and  dwell 
across  the  Rhine  .  .  .  LIII,  12,  5  {anno  27) :  All  the 
Galates,  both  of  Narbo  and  of  Lugdunum,  the  Aquitani 
and  the  Celts,  both  themselves  and  the  colonists  among 
them.  6 :  Some  of  the  Celts,  whom  we  call  Germans,  had 
occupied  all  that  part  of  Celtica  which  is  near  the  Rhine, 
and  caused  it  to  be  called  Germania,  the  upper  part  ex- 
tending to  the  sources  of  the  river  and  the  lower  part  to 
the  ocean  of  Britain.  26,  4  {anno  25) :  It  was  about  this 
same  time  that  Marcus  Vinicius,  who  was  prosecuting 
certain  Celts  because  they  had  seized  and  put  to  death 
some  Romans  who  had  gone  to  their  country  to  have 
dealings  with  them,  himself  gave  the  title  of  Emperor 
to  Augustus.  LIV,  20,  4  {anno  16) :  The  greatest  of  the 
wars  which  at  that  time  fell  to  the  Romans  to  wage, 
which  was  also  perhaps  one  of  the  reasons  why  Augustus 
left  the  city,  was  with  the  Celts.  21,  2  {anno  15) :  For, 
much  harm  had  been  done  by  the  Celts  and  much  too  by 
a  certain  Licinius.  32,  1  {anno  12)  :  Drusus,  having  ob- 
served the  Celts  (  =^  Germans)  crossing  the  Rhine, 
drove  them  back.  36,  3  {anno  10  B.  C.) :  Tiberius  was 
summoned  from  Galatia,  whither  he  had  gone  with  Au- 
gustus   and    quelled    the]n    (llie    Dnlmntinns).      Of    th^ 


80  CATHOLIC   UNIVERSITY   BULLETIN. 

nations  of  the  Celts  (  —  Germans)  and  other  tribes  and 
the  Chatti,  who  had  gone  over  to  the  Sugambri,  having 
abandoned  the  land  which  the  Romans  had  given  them 
to  dwell  in,  some  were  weakened,  others  subdued  by 
Drusus.  4:  After  that  they  returned  with  Augustus  to 
Rome,  while  he  himself  (the  Emperor)  delayed  in  Lyons 
where  he  would  be  near  the  Celts  and  could  keep  close 
watch  on  affairs.  The  victorious  soldiers  were  paid  what 
had  been  voted  them  for  their  successes  and  they  per- 
formed such  other  duties  as  belonged  to  them.  LVI, 
23,  4  {anno  10  A.  D.) :  Since  there  were  a  great  many 
Galates  and  Celts  in  Rome  (  KeXroi  =  Germani,  but 
distinguished  from  TaXdrai),  some  of  them  living  there 
for  various  purposes,  others  serving  in  the  guard, 
Augustus,  fearing  that  they  might  revolt,  sent  off  some 
of  them  to  the  islands  and  ordered  the  unarmed  to  leave 
the  city.  LIX,  21,  2  {anno  39) :  Caligula  set  out  for 
Galatia,  (i.  e.  Gaul)  under  pretext  that  he  was  to  open 
hostilities  with  the  Celts  on  the  ground  that  they  were 
causing  trouble,  but  in  fact  to  squeeze  money  from  them 
and  from  the  Iberians,  for  they  were  prosperous  and 
rich.  LX,  28,  2  {anno  46) :  Sabinus,  who  had  been  in 
command  of  the  Celts  (  =  the  German  body-guards)  in 
the  reign  of  Gains  (Caligula).  LXV,  17  2  {anno  69): 
And,  falling  in  with  the  Celts  (i.  e.  Germans  on  the  right 
hand  side  of  the  Rhine)  who  were  guarding  him  (Vitel- 
lius),  they  escaped  without  difficulty.  21,  1:  A  certain 
Celt  seeing  this  would  not  endure  it,  but  taking  pity  on 
him  (Vitellius)  said:  "I  will  help  you  as  well  as  I  can 
alone."  LXXI,  3,  2  {anno  172) :  Large  numbers  of  Celts 
from  beyond  the  Rhine  advanced  as  far  as  Italy  and 
caused  many  sufferings  to  the  Romans.  LXXVII,  13 
{anno  213) :  The  Celtic  nations  afforded  him  (Antoni- 
nus) no  pleasure  nor  any  pretence  of  cleverness  or 
courage  but  showed  him  to  be  nothing  more  nor  less  than 
a  trickster,  a  fool  and  an  arrant  coward. 
Julius  Africanus,  The  Egyptians  drink  beer,  the  Paeonians 
Kdfiov,    the  Celts  cervesia  (beer) 


THE   WORD   CELT.  gl 

Philostratus,  Life  of  Apollonius,  V,  3 :  Day  follows  night  and 
night  follows  day  among  the  Celts  the  darkness  or  the 
daylight  disappearing  little  by  little  just  as  here,  but, 
it  is  said  that  in  the  neighborhood  of  Gadeira  and  Stelae 
light  and  darkness  fall  upon  the  eyes  all  at  once  just  like 
flashes  of  lightning.  VIII,  7 :  Among  the  Scythians  and 
Celts  who  live  along  the  Ister  and  the  Rhine  there  lies  a 
city  of  not  less  magnitude  than  Ephesus  in  Ionia.  Lives 
of  the  Sophists,  1,  25  p.  43  K. :  While  he  himself  (Polemo) 
rode  in  a  chariot  adorned  with  silver-studded  reins 
belonging  to  a  certain  Phrygian  or  Celt.  2,  1  p.  60:  He 
was  commonly  known  as  the  Hercules  of  Herodes  and 
was  a  young  man  just  growing  his  first  beard.  He  was 
like  some  huge  Celt  and  was  eight  feet  tall.  5  p.  82: 
Some  say  that  Alexander  (nicknamed  '' Mud-plato") 
died  in  the  country  of  the  Celts  while  still  secretary; 
others,  that  he  died  in  Italy  when  he  had  ceased  to  be 
secretary. 

Herodianus,  I,  10,  2:  The  country  of  the  Celts  and  of  the 
Iberians. 

Eusehius,  fragm;  2  p.  203  Dind.:  At  another  siege  I  learned 
of  a  contrivance  which  served  as  a  protection  against 
those  fire-bearing  missiles,  at  the  time  that  the  Celts 
remained  behind  at  the  city  called  Tours  (?)  .  .  .  For, 
at  the  time  that  the  Celts  beyond  the  Rhine  (i.  e.  Franks, 
Germans)  were  on  their  march,  a  small  detachment  of 
them  remained  behind  at  the  city  just  mentioned,  and 
when  a  number  of  them  had  been  struck  down  they 
began  to  plan  means  of  defence  behind  the  engines ;  they 
dug  reservoirs  which  they  filled  with  water,  etc. 

Porphyrins,  On  the  Cave  of  the  Nymphs,  28 :  In  the  northern 
lands  the  bodies  are  large,  as  is  evident  in  the  Celts,  the 
Thracians  and  the  Scythians,  the  country  of  these  peo- 
ples being  humid  and  abounding  in  pastures. 

Eumenius,  Panegyric  on  Constantine  Augustus  3:  Thus,  all 
the  peoples  of  the  Celts  and  of  the  Belgians  were  united 
in  one  peace  and  whatever  they  had  taken  from  the  bar- 
barians they  gave  to  the  Romans. 


82  CATHOLIC    UNIVERSITY   BULLETIN. 

Anonymi  Physio gnom.,  p.  109,  14  Eose:  He  is  like  a  Celt, 
that  is,  a  German.  The  Celts,  however,  are  indocile, 
brave  and  fierce. 

Liber  generationis,  1,  60  p.  96  M. :  Magog,  from  whom  are  the 
Celts  and  Galates.  83,  38  p.  97;  197,  60  p.  107:  The 
Gauls,  who  are  also  Celts,  c/.  88,  39  p.  99. 

Trehellius  Pollio,  Life  of  Gallienus,  7,  1:  Postumus,  having 
received  hea^^  reinforcements  of  Celts  (  =  Gauls)  and 
Franks.  Claudian,  6,  2:  Finally,  the  various  peoples  of 
the  Scythians,  the  Peuci,  Grutungi,  Austrogoths,  Ter- 
vingi  Visi,  Gepidi,  Celts  (cf.  Mommsen,  Hermes  25,  255) 
and  the  Heruli,  spurred  on  by  the  desire  for  booty,  broke 
into  Roman  territory  and  made  great  ravage.  9,  6 :  And 
the  great  number  of  Celtic  mares  that  are  so  famous. 

Anthologia  Palatina,  9,  125 :  The  darmg  Celts  try  their  chil- 
dren by  suspending  them  in  the  jealous  Rhine.  For,  as 
soon  as  the  child  is  born  it  is  bathed  in  the  sacred  stream. 
When  just  brought  forth  and  while  yet  it  sheds  its  first 
tears,  the  pitiless  father,  for  he  knows  not  yet  a  father's 
love,  lifts  the  child  on  his  shield  and  tries  in  the  waters 
his  wife's  virtue.  She  who  has  just  given  birth  has 
this  torment  to  suffer  together  with  the  pains  of  travail 
for,  though  she  knows  the  real  father  of  her  child,  she 
awaits  in  trembling  the  decision  of  the  inconstant  river. 

Theophylactus  Simocatta,  Epistola,  10,  p.  236:  The  equal  of 
the  Celtic  river  which  is  the  most  unerring  judge  of  the 
base-born  son,  of  virtue  and  of  vice. 

Georgius  Pisida,  Persian  Expedition,  I,  41  fl. :  Be  thou  a 
judge  more  powerful  than  the  Celtic  Rhine. 

Julian,  Oratio  I  to  Constantius,  II.  p.  12  A  Sp. :  Your  father 
was  disposed  to  entrust  to  you  the  command  and  the 
guard  of  the  tribes  of  Celts,  p.  29  CD:  It  is  worth 
while  mentioning  that  in  ancient  times  Rome  had  a  sim- 
ilar fate.  I  refer  to  the  time  when  the  Galates  combined 
with  the  Celts  and  bore  down  upon  her  like  a  sudden 
torrent,  p.  34  C  (referring  to  the  army  af  Magnentius; 
see  Mommsen,  Hermes  24,  228^  :  The  Celts  and  Galates, 
nations  whom  even  our  ancestors  considered  hard  to  con- 
tend with  and  who,  more  than  once,  streamed  like  an  ir- 


TEE  WORD   CELT.  83 

resistible  torrent  over  Italy  and  Illyria  and  even  fast- 
ened themselves  upon  Asia  by  the  strength  of  their  arms, 
have  been  finally  compelled  to  submit  to  us.  Thoy  have 
been  enrolled  on  the  roster  of  our  armies  and  have  pro- 
vided us  with  a  considerable  income  through  the  taxes 
laid  upon  them  by  your  father  and  your  forefathers. 
After  having  enjoyed  a  long  |ieace  and  the  benefits  which 
result  therefrom,  when  their  country  had  increased  in 
population  and  wealth,  after  having  furnished  your 
brothers  with  excellent  soldiers,  they  were  finally  con- 
strained, much  against  their  will,  to  take  part  en  masse 
in  the  expedition  of  the  tyrant  (Magnentius).  p.  36  B: 
After  their  line  had  been  thrown  into  disorder,  the 
soldiers  gathered  together  in  groups  and  reopened  the 
battle,  ashamed  to  be  seen  fleeing  and  that  it  might  be 
said  of  them  what,  up  to  that  time,  no  mortal  believed 
possible,  that  a  Celt  or  a  soldier  from  Galatia  had  ever 
turned  his  back  to  the  enemy.  Oratio  2  p.  56  B:  Numer- 
ous bands  of  heavy-armed  foot  and  an  equal  number 
of  horse  followed  him  (Magnentius),  and  these  the 
bravest,  Celts  and  Iberians  and  those  Germans  who  live 
near  the  Ehine  and  the  western  sea.  p.  81  D — 82  A :  It  is 
said  that  the  Celts  have  taken  their  river  (the  Rhine)  as 
the  inflexible  judge  of  the  legitimacy  of  their  children 
and  that  neither  the  tears  of  the  mothers  who  implore 
him  to  conceal  their  crime  nor  the  fear  of  the  fathers 
who  wait  in  trembling  for  the  fate  of  their  wives  and 
offspring,  are  able  to  affect  the  sentence  of  a  judge  so 
strict  and  upright.  Oratio  3  p.  124  A:  So  that  Galatia 
and  Celtica  became  for  me,  thanks  to  her  (the 
Empress  Eusebia's)  giftbof  books,  a  Greek  museum. 
Letter  to  the  Senate  and  People  of  Athens,  p.  277  D: 
I  was  ordered  to  set  out  with  360  soldiers  for  the  country 
of  the  Celts  where  disturbances  had  broken  out.  p.  278 
I) — 279  B:  Afterwards,  Coustantius,  thinking  that  the 
charge  he  was  about  to  entrust  to  me  was  of  only  slight 
importance  and  not  supposing  that  the  situation  among 
the  Celts  would  change  much,  gave  me  command  of  the 
army  at  the  beginning  of  spring.    The  corn  was  in  full 


84  CATUOLW    UNIVERSITY   BULLETIN. 

bloom  when  I  took  the  field.  Large  bands  of  Germans 
were  encamped  unmolested  aromid  the  cities  which  had 
been  sacked  in  the  country  of  the  Celts.  There  were 
perhaps  forty-five  of  those  cities  whose  walls  and  towers 
and  citadels  had  been  demolished.  The  amount  of  land 
on  this  side  of  the  Ehine  occupied  by  the  barbarians  was 
as  great  as  the  territory  which  extends  from  the  sources 
of  the  river  to  the  ocean.  Those  who  lived  nearest 
to  us  were  300  stadia  distant  from  the  banks  of  the  Rhine. 
There  was,  besides,  a  space  three  times  as  great  which 
the  depredations  had  left  so  waste  that  the  Celts  could 
not  even  pasture  their  cattle  there.  Certain  other  cities 
near  which  the  barbarians  had  not  yet  settled  were  al- 
ready abandoned,  p.  279  C:  And  yet,  even  though  I 
might  not  enjoy  the  glory  of  a  triumph,  I  had  it  in  my 
power  to  slay  the  enemy  and  there  was  no  one  to  prevent 
mo  from  leading  Chnodomarius  all  over  Celtic  a  and 
showing  him  in  their  cities  and  making  a  mock  of 
his  misfortunes,  p.  282  D:  He  (Constantius)  wrote  let- 
ters full  of  invectives  against  me  and  threatened  ruin  to 
the  Celts,  p.  283  B :  In  a  city  near  which  I  lived  some  one 
wrote  an  anonymous  paper  to  the  Petulantes  and  the 
Celts.  Those  were  the  names  of  the  two  legions.  P.  287 
A:  For  the  well-being  of  all  and  the  freedom  of  the 
human  race,  and  especially  of  the  Celts  whom  he  (Con- 
stantius) had  already  betrayed  twice  to  their  enemies. 
Caesares,  p.  320  D:  The  soldiers  of  Europe  who  so  often 
brought  war  into  Asia  have  been  put  to  flight,  I  mean  the 
bravest  of  these,  the  Italians,  Illyrians  and  Celts.  And, 
since  I  mention  the  Celts,  are  we  to  place  the  deeds  of 
Alexander  among  the  Getae  on  the  same  level  with  my 
conquest  of.CELTiCA?  Misopogon,  p.  340  C:  I  was  pass- 
ing the  winter  in  the  neighborhood  of  my  dear  Lutetia 
which  is  the  name  by  which  the  Celts  of  the  Parisians 
call  their  little  city.  P.  342  A:  Thus,  while  I  was  living 
among  the  Celts,  like  the  discontented  man  in  Menander, 
I  imposed  sufferings  upon  myself.  But  this  conduct  of 
mine  caused  no  inconvenience  to  a  rough  people  like  the 
Celts.    P.  348  C:  But  if  they  (the  Athenians)  preserve 


TEE   WORD   CELT.  85 

the  memory  of  the  virtues  of  their  forefathers,  it  seems 
to  me  that  we  ought  to  expect  the  same  of  the  Syrians, 
Arabs,  Celts,  Thracians,  Paeonians  and  the  Mysians 
who  dwell  between  the  Thracians  and  the  Paeonians  on 
the  banks  of  the  Danube.  P.  349  D :  Have  you  forgotten 
that  we  (of  Antioch)  are  neither  Celts  nor  Thracians 
nor  Illyrians?  P.  359  B:  But,  for  me  just  at  the  begin- 
ning of  manhood,  mj'  lot  fell  with  the  Celts,  the  Germans 
and  the  HercjTiian  Forest,  and  I  passed  much  time  with 
savages  like  a  hunter  among  wild  beasts,  and  the  man- 
ners I  found  were  not  those  of  men  used  to  flatter  nor  to 
adulation,  but  of  men  who  lived  simply  and  without  re- 
straint and  on  an  equality  in  their  dealings  with  the 
world.  P.  360  A:  The  Celts  had  never  seen  a  mimic 
actor.  C :  The  Celts  loved  me  because  my  mode  of  life 
was  like  their  own.  Epist.  16  p.  383  D— 384  A :  The  Rhine 
is  not  altogether  unjust  in  his  judgment  of  the  Celts; 
for,  he  keeps  hidden  in  the  eddies  of  his  stream  the  ille- 
gitimate babes,  as  though  he  would  avenge  in  the  sight  of 
all  the  sullied  bed,  while  the  child  of  unpolluted  blood  he 
holds  on  the  surface  of  the  water  and  restores  to  its 
trembling  mother's  arms.  Thus,  by  giving  back  the  child 
safe,  he  gives  unbought  testimony  to  the  purity  and 
blamelessness  of  her  married  life.  38  p.  415  A :  How  I 
trembled  for  thee  (Maximus)  as  I  returned  from  the 
country  of  the  Celts  to  Illyria.  Epigram,  On  Barley 
Wi7ie,  in  Antliologia  Palatina,  IX,  368,  3-6:  That  (wine) 
savors  of  nectar, but  there  is  the  smell  of  a  goat  from  you. 
It  must  be  that  the  Celts  for  want  of  grapes  made  you 
of  ears  of  corn.  Ceres  should  be  your  name,  not  Bacchus, 
Bromos  "  of  wheat  and  oats,"  not  Bromios  "  sparkling." 

Themistius,  orat.  3  p.  52,  25  Dindorf :  The  remnants  of  the 
sudden  inroad  of  the  Celts.  9  p.  149,  25:  Fearful  to  the 
Celts  and  Germans.  22  p.  324,  30 :  A  Celtic  hound.  27 
p.  404,  21 :  Celtic  and  Laconian  puppies. 

Servius,  to  Vergil,  Aeneid,  X,  179:  Pisus,  a  king  of  the  Celts. 

Ausonius,  Order  of  Celebrated  Cities,  160:  Divona,  in  the 
language  of  the  Celts,  a  spring  dear  to  the  gods.  Gram- 
viaticomastix,  5  ff :  Tell,  what  is  the  meaning  in  Vergil's 


86  CATHOLIC   UNIVERSITY   BULLETIN. 

Catalepta  of  the  word  al  in  the  language  of  the  Celts  and 
the  equally  unintelligible  word  tau  which  follows? 
Ammianus  XV,  9,3  {a  355) :  Some  say  that  the  very  first 
natives  ever  seen  in  those  j^arts  (Gaul)  were  called 
Celts  after  the  name  of  a  king  who  was  greatly  beloved 
by  them,  and  also  Galates  after  the  name  of  his  mother, 
that  being  the  Greek  translation  of  the  Latin  Galli. 
Others  hold  that  they  are  Dorians  who,  following  a  more 
ancient  Hercules,  settled  in  those  regions  which  border 
on  the  ocean.  11,  1  (from  Csesar) :  In  former  times  when 
the  country  was  still  unknown,  as  being  barbarous,  it  is 
supposed  to  have  been  divided  into  three  parts,  occupied 
by  the  Celts,  who  are  also  called  Gauls,  the  Aquitani 
and  the  Belgae,  all  differing  from  each  other  in  language, 
institutions  and  laws.  2 :  The  Gauls,  who  are  Celts,  are 
divided  from  the  Aquitanians  by  the  river  Garonne.    XX, 

4,  2  {a.  360) :  The  tribune  and  secretary  Decentius  was 
sent  to  bring  away  at  once  the  auxiliary  troops,  the 
Aeruli  and  the  Batavi  with  the  Petulantes  and  the  Celts, 
and  three  hundred  picked  men  from  the  other  divisions. 

5,  9 :  And  straightway,  that  no  time  might  be  afforded 
to  disturb  the  plan  decided  upon,  the  Petulantes  and 
Celts  besought  him,  on  account  of  their  commissaries, 
to  give  them  the  rule  of  any  province  he  pleased,  and 
when  this  request  was  not  granted,  they  retired  with- 
out being  either  offended  or  ill-humored.  XXI,  3,  2 :  He 
(Julian)  sent  a  certain  Count  Libino  with  the  Celts  and 
Petulantes  who  were  in  winter  quarters  with  him. 
XXII,  12,  6:  {o..  362):  Especially  the  Petulantes  and 
Celts  whose  audacity  at  that  time  had  increased  beyond 
measure.  XXXI,  10,  4  {a.  377) :  The  Celts  approaching 
with  the  Petulantes.  ND  occ.  5,  17:  Celtae  (seniores). 
161,  7,  12:  Celtae  seniores.  5,  56.  205.  7,  141:  Celtae 
juniores. 

Nonnus,  Poems  on  the  legend  of  Bacchus:  XXIII,  91:  The 
Eridanus  did  not  drown  the  Galate  nor  become  the 
grave  of  the  Celt.  298-300:  I  (Ocean)  will  bring  down 
from  the  skies  to  wander  again  over  the  land  of  the 
Celts  the  fiery  Eridanus  who  walks  among  the  stars, 


THE   WORD   CELT.  87 

and  I  will  bring  liim  to  a  watery  end.  XXVII,  201-203: 
Let  her  (Astris)  go,  if  she  wish,  to  roam  in  the  land  of 
the  Celts  that  she,  too,  may  become  a  tree  and  mourn 
with  the  daughters  of  the  Sun,  weeping  streams  of  tears. 
XXXVIII,  93:  (Pluuthon)  was  drowned  in  the  Celtic 
river  (the  Eridanus).  97-98:  He  (Bacchus)  wishes  still 
more  to  hear  that  01ym]iian  tale  (of  Phastiion)  dear  to  the 
Celts  of  the  west.  XXXIX,  4-5:  He  (Bacchus)  won- 
dered at  the  tale,  how  Ph;ethon,  burnt  in  the  fire,  fell 
with  a  crash  into  the  western  river  of  the  Celts.  XLIII, 
292-294.  The  Iber  follows  in  swelling  waves  to  the  Celtic 
ocean  and  the  Bosphorus  mingles  the  winding  waters  of 
its  double  sea.  XLVI,  54:  I  call  happy  the  land  of  the 
Celts  with  its  rude  laws.  (Referring  to  the  practice 
quoted  above  sub  Anthologia  Paint ina,  9,  125.) 

Sozomenus,  Church  History,  II,  6,  1:  For,  already,  tribes  on 
both  sides  of  the  Rhine  professed  Christianity,  as  like- 
wise the  Celts  and  the  Gauls  who  are  the  most  distant 
inhabitants  near  the  ocean.  VII,  13,  10:  In  the  mean- 
time Maximus,  having  raised  a  large  army  of  Britons 
and  the  neighboring  Galates  and  Celts  and  other  nations 
in  those  parts,  marched  into  Itah'. 

Stohaeus,  Elegant  Extracts,  I,  29,  2  p.  610:  For  example,  in 
lands  that  are  snowy  and  cold  and,  on  the  other  hand, 
in  such  as  are  burned  by  the  sun,  lightning  does  not 
strike  the  ground.  If  it  should  happen  to,  it  is  regarded 
as  a  wonder,  as  among  the  Celts  and  the  Egyptians. 

Jlesychius,  sub  a/3paW?  (read  a^^dva^) -.  The  name  the  Celts 
give  the  long  tailed  apes.  Suh  'ASpiavoi-.  The  Celts  who 
live  near  the  Adriatic.  Sub  fSapaKUKai  (read  ^paKKai  • 
aiyeioi  hK^Oepat ) :  Breeches,  the  goatskin  trews  of  the 
Celts.  Sub  KeXroL  Another  race  of  Celts.  Suh  Kvp- 
rCa^  (wicker  shields)  :  So  the  Celts  call  their  shields 
{cf.  sub     Kairpeai,      "Iberian  arms.       Others  call  thorn 

Kvpria<i^^)    V(l.  also  SJlb    fxaSdpei^. 

Praxagoras  fragm.  p.  438  Dindorf :  The  Celts  and  the  Ger- 
mans, neighboring  and  barbarous  tribes,  he  (Valerius 
Maximianus)  subdued. 


88  CATHOLIC   UNIVERSITY  BULLETIN. 

Sulincius  Severus,  Dialogues,  I,  27,  4:  "Well,  said  Postum- 
ianus,  talk  Celtic,  or,  if  you  prefer,  Gallic  (i.  e.  Eomance) 
provided  yon  tell  of  Martin.  (He  distinguishes  here 
between  the  dialect  of  Aquitania  and  that  of  the  center 
of  Gaul.) 

Orosius,  Against  the  Pagans,  V,  8,  1:  AVhen  Scipio  had  de- 
stroyed Numantia  and  had  pacified  the  other  peoples  of 
Spain,  he  consulted  with  Thyresus  a  Celtic  chief. 

Sidonius  Apollinaris,  Epist.  Ill,  3,  2  (referring  to  the  Ar- 
verni) :  I  will  pass  over  this,  that  it  was  for  your  sake 
vdicn  a  boy  that  men  of  letters  flocked  here  from  all 
quarters,  and  that  it  was  out  of  respect  for  you  that 
our  nobility  put  aside  the  roughness  of  their  Celtic 
speech  (i.  e.  the  Celtic  or  Gaulish,  not  the  popular  Latin 
or  Romance)  and  cultivated  oratory  and  poetry. 

Priscian,  Geographic  Description,  79  fl. :  On  this  side  comes 
the  Gallic  Gulf  which  beats  upon  the  Celtic  shore.  84 
fl. :  The  Island  of  Corsica  is  washed  by  the  nearer  waters 
which  flow  betwen  the  Sardinian  and  the  Celtic  sea. 
279-285:  Then  come  the  Pyrenees,  and  next,  the  Celtic 
land  that  borders  upon  the  blue  stream  of  Eridanus' 
fount.  There  his  loving  sisters  mourned  for  PhtEthon, 
and  there  the  Celtic  women  who  drag  away  the  straw 
and  fallen  leaves  gather  the  amber  that  trickles  from 
the  alders.  This  they  call  sucinum,  and  it  is  of  the 
color  of  honey  and  wine. 

Stephanus  of  Byzantium,  p.  70,  IM. :  Another  city  named 
Alea  belongs  to  the  Carpetani,  a  Celtic  tribe,  p.  143, 
19 :  There  is  another  city  of  the  Boii,  a  Celtic  tribe,  p. 
156,  4:  Baitarra  is  also  a  Celtic  city.  A  citizen  is  Bait- 
arrites.  p.  183,  8:  Bourchanis  is  an  island  in  Celtica,  as 
Strabo  says  (VII,  1,  3).  p.  213,  2:  The  Grammita?  are 
also  a  people  near  Celtica.  p.  270,  15:  Emporium,  a 
Celtic  city,  is  a  colony  of  Marseilles,  p.  303,  18:  Her- 
acleia,  a  city  of  Celtica.  p.  322,  9:  lapodes,  a  tribe  of 
Celtica  near  Illyria,  according  to  Dionysius,  XVI, 
p.  323,  3:  The  Ibaei  and  the  Ibeni  are  Celtic  peoples, 
p.  332,  15:  The  Insobares  are  a  Celtic  race  near  the  Po, 
according  to  Polybius  who  calls  them  Insobres.    p.  417, 


TEE   WORD   CELT.  89 

6:  Limenotis,  the  Celtic  peninsula,  p.  426,  4  (from 
Ephorus) :  Mace,  a  Celtic;  city.  Mainace,  a  Celtic  city, 
is  also  found.  The  trihal  name  is  Maccnus.  p.  435,  18: 
Marseilles  is  a  city  of  Liguria  ["  near  Celtica/'  added 
by  Stephanus]  and  a  colony  of  the  Phocreans,  according 
to  Iiecata?us'  work  on  Europe,  p.  474,  22:  Nica^a,  the 
seventh  of  the  name,  is  a  city  of  Celtica  and  a  colony  of 
Marseilles,  p.  479,  5:  Nyrax  ["a  Celtic  city,"  either 
an  addition  of  Stephanus,  or  something  has  fallen  out 
before  the  name  Hecataeus],  according  to  Hecataeus  in 
his  work  on  Europe.  The  tribal  name  is  Nyracius,  as 
at  Narice,  Narycius.  p.  549,  4:  Sabbatia  is  a  Celtic 
village.  The  tribal  names  are  Sabbatianus  and  Sab- 
batius.  p.  555,  5 :  Santis,  a  Celtic  city.  The  tribal  name 
is  Santites,  as  Leptis,  Leptites.  p.  562, 17 :  Sene.  a  Celtic 
city.  A  citizen  is  Senaeus  and  Seno.  p.  572,  18:  Sisig- 
ylis,  a  large  city  near  Celtica.  The  tribal  name,  Sisigy- 
iites.  p.  631,  5:  Transalpini,  tribes  of  Celts  beyond  the 
Alps.  p.  632,  1 :  Trausi,  a  city  of  the  Celts.  The  tribe 
whom  the  Greeks  call  Agathyrsi. 
ZosimMS,  I,  15,  1  {a  237) :  When  Maximinus  heard  of  these 
things  he  set  out  in  all  haste  with  the  Mauritanian  and 
Celtic  troops  for  Rome.  28,  3  {a.  253) :  Aemilianus  sent 
Valerianus  to  fetch  the  legions  which  were  among  the 
Celts  and  Germans.  30,  2  {a.  253) :  Gallienus  saw  that  of 
all  the  nations  the  Germans  were  the  most  difficult  to  deal 
with  and  dangerous  and  caused  most  annoyance  to  the 
Celtic  tribes  that  lived  near  the  Rhine.  38,  2  {a.  260) : 
Postumus,  who  had  been  entrusted  with  the  command 
of  the  soldiers  in  the  country  of  the  Celts  (i.  e.  command- 
er of  one  of  the  two  parts  of  Germany,  or  of  all  Ger-. 
many).  52,  3:  Besides  the  Norici  and  Rhipti,  which 
are  Celtic  legions  (i.  e.  the  troops  from  Noricum 
and  Rhaetia,  the  latter  at  that  time  comprising  Vindel- 
ica).  II,  15,  1  (a.  312) :  Constantine  raised  an  army  out 
of  the  barbarians  whom  he  had  conquered,  both  Ger- 
mans and  other  Celtic  nations,  and  the  troops  whom  he 
had  collected  from  Britain.  17  {a.  312) :  Constantine 
set  out  for  the  Celts  and  Galates    .     .     .     {a.  313)  he 


90  CATHOLIC    VSUVER^ITY   BULLETIN. 

marched  on  toward  the  Celts.  33,  2  {a.  332)  •  The  Celts 
who  live  beyond  the  Alps  and  the  Iberians  near  the  is- 
land of  Britain.  42,  4  {a.  350) :  Meanwhile,  some  of  the 
Illyrian  horse,  who  had  come  to  supply  the  Celtic  le- 
gions, joined  with  those  who  had  assembled  for  this  busi- 
ness. 43,  2 :  AVhile  Magnentius  was  still  busy  among  the 
Celts.  50,  2:  {a.  351):  Where  (in  the  woods)  he  had 
concealed  four  companies  of  Celts.  Ill,  3,  1  {a.  357) : 
But  Julian,  finding  that  the  military  establishment  in 
the  country  of  the  Celts  was  utterly  destroyed.  7,  1 
{a.  358) :  To  go  over  to  the  Celts  who  were  under  the 
Eomans.  8,  3  {a.  359) :  Being  stung  with  the  success  of 
what  has  been  done  among  the  Celts  and  Iberians  he 
devised  pretenses  ...  he  urged  that  two  legions  of  the 
Celts  be  despatched  to  him.  10,  3  {a.  361)  :  Shortly  af- 
ter, when  the  army  which  had  followed  him  (Julian) 
from  the  land  of  the  Celts  arrived.  11,  1:  He  (Julian) 
marched  forward  with  the  army  which  he  had  recruited 
among  the  Celts  and  another  army  from  Sirmium  itself 
and  the  legions  stationed  among  the  Pa?onians  and  Mys- 
ians.  IV,  12,  1  («.  369) :  The  Emperor  Valentinian,  hav- 
ing brought  matters  to  a  satisfactory  conclusion  among 
the  Germans,  thought  to  make  provision  for  the  future 
security  of  the  Celtic  nations.  17,  1  {a.  374) :  Valerian 
marched  out  of  the  country  of  the  Celts  into  Illyria. 
19,  2  {a.  375) :  The  Celtic  countries,  all  Iberia  and  the 
island  of  Britain  fell  to  the  share  of  Cratian.  34,  2  [a. 
378) :  To  press  upon  the  Celtic  tribes.  ...  If  they 
would  leave  the  Celts  alone.  47,  2  {a.  388) :  Theodosius 
sent  Valentinian  to  attend  to  affairs  in  Italy  and 
whatever  concerned  the  Celts  and  such  matters  as  fell 
to  his  share  in  the  Dominion.  51,  1 :  Eufinus,  a  Celt  by 
birth  and  master  of  the  court  guards.  54,  3  {a.  392) : 
The  Emperor  (Theodosius)  was  then  passing  the  time 
in  Vienna  a  Celtic  town.  59,  4  (a.  395) :  The  Emperor 
Theodosius  left  the  nations  of  Italy  and  the  Iberians 
and  Celts  besides  all  Libya  to  his  son  Honorius.  V,  26,  3 
{a.  405) :  A  certain  Rhodogaisus,  having  collected  an  army 
of  400,000  men  composed  of  Celtic  and  German  tribes 


THE   ^yORD   CELT.  91 

from  across  the  Danube  and  the  Rhine,made  haste  to  pass 
over  into  Italy.  37,  5  {a.  408) :  They  went  on  board  ship 
and  sailed  for  the  land  of  the  Celts  and  Galates.  VI,  1 
(a  409)  •  From  Constantine  who  was  ruling  with  despotic 

power  over  the  Celts To  return  with  the  entire 

army  mustered  among  the  Celts,  in  Iberia  and  m 
the  island  of  Britain.  VI,  2  {a.  407) :  Constantine,  hav- 
ing appointed  Justinian  and  Nevigastes  commanders  of 
the  troops  among  the  Celts,  crossed  over  .  .  .  {n.  408) 
The  three  ranges  of  Alps,  which  obstruct  the  roads  from 
the  country  of  the  Celts  into  Italy  and  on  the  other  side 
as  well,  are  called  the  Cottian,  the  Pennine  and  the  Mar- 
itime Alps.  VI,  5 :  The  General  Gerontius  with  the  sol- 
diers from  Galatia,  guarded  the  pass  from  the  land  of 

the    Celts    to    Iberia He    incited    the    barbarians 

among  the  Celts  to  rise  against  Constantine  who  could 
not  cope  with  them  since  the  greater  part  of  his  army 
was  in  Spain.     Then  the  barbarians  beyond  the  Rhine 
overran  the  whole  country  without  restraint  and  brought 
the  inhabitants  of  the  island  of  Britain  and  some  of  the 
tribes  among  the  Celts  to  such  necessity  that  they  re- 
volted from^he  sway  of  the  Romans  and  lived  m  their 
own  way,  no  longer  obedient  to  the  laws  of  the  Empire. 
VI,  6,  1:  This  defection  of  Britain  and  of  the  tribes  m 
the'   land    of    the    Celts    happened    when    Constantine 
usurped  the  government  and,  because  of  his  neglect  of 
the  office,  the  barbarians  gained  the  ascendancy. 
Paulus   SilenUarms,  Description   of   Saint   Sophia,  637-639 
(920-222) :  Marble  from  the  deep  icy  Celtic  crags  {i.  e. 
w'hite'and  black  marble  from  France)  with  black  shin- 
ing surface  and  with  milk  white  veins  spreading  out  here 
and  there  and  winding  in  every  direction. 
Laurentius  Lydus,  De  anno  et  mensihus,  8  p.  104  Roether : 
In  the  river  Arar,  which  is  in  Celtica,  is  found  a  fish 
which  the  natives  call  clopias. 
Jordanus,  History  of  the  Goths,  36,  191:  And  some  other 

Celtic  or  Germanic  nations. 
Procopius,  War  with  the  Goths,  I,  1:  The  river  Po,  which 
is  also  called  the  Eridanus  and  flows  from  the  Celtic 


92 


CATnOLIC   UNIVERSITY   BULLETIN. 


mountains,  and  other  navigable  rivers  and  lagoons  sur- 
round the  city  (Eavenna)  on  every  side.  IV,  5:  The 
river  Ister  flows  from  the  Celtic  mountains  along  the 
Italian  frontier  and,  after  a  course  through  the  country 
of  the  Dacians,  the  Illyrians  and  Thrace,  empties  into 
the  Euxine  Gulf.  The  Edifices  of  Justinian,  IV,  5 :  The 
Ister  rises  in  the  mountains  of  the  land  of  the  Celts, 
who  are  now  known  as  Gauls,  and  traverses  a  vast  tract 
most  of  which  is  completely  desert,  except  that  here 
and  there  some  barbarians  live  a  wild  kind  of  life  with- 
out any  intercourse  with  other  men. 
Inscriptions  containing  the  word  Celt  have  been  found  at 
Alexandria  in  Egypt  (first  century  A.  D.),  at  Frascati 
and  at  Bonn  (dating  from  the  reign  of  Commodus). 

Joseph  Dunn. 


